{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T18:02:24Z","timestamp":1791655344912,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,27]],"date-time":"2024-08-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724716800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Controlled human infection model (CHIM) studies, which involve deliberate exposure of healthy human volunteers to an infectious agent, are recognised as important tools to advance vaccine development. These studies not only facilitate estimates of vaccine efficacy, but also offer an experimental approach to study disease pathogenesis and profile vaccine immunogenicity in a controlled environment, allowing correlation with clinical outcomes. Consequently, the data from CHIMs can be used to identify immunological correlates of protection (CoP), which can help accelerate vaccine development. In the case of invasive <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> infections, vaccination offers a potential instrument to prevent disease. Invasive <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> disease, caused by the enteric fever pathogens <jats:italic>Salmonella enterica<\/jats:italic> serovar Typhi (<jats:italic>S.<\/jats:italic> Typhi) and <jats:italic>S.<\/jats:italic> Paratyphi A, B and C, and nontyphoidal <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> (iNTS), remains a significant cause of mortality and morbidity in low- and middle-income countries, resulting in over 200,000 deaths and the loss of 15 million DALYs annually. CHIM studies have contributed to the understanding of <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. Typhi infection and provided invaluable insight into the development of vaccines and CoP following vaccination against <jats:italic>S.<\/jats:italic> Typhi. However, CoP are less well understood for <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. Paratyphi A and iNTS. This brief review focuses on the contribution of vaccine-CHIM trials to our understanding of the immune mechanisms associated with protection following vaccines against invasive <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> pathogens, particularly in relation to CoP.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1457785","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,27]],"date-time":"2024-08-27T08:53:13Z","timestamp":1724748793000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["The use of controlled human infection models to identify correlates of protection for invasive Salmonella vaccines"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Naina","family":"McCann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margarete","family":"Paganotti Vicentine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Young Chan","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew J.","family":"Pollard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30685-6","article-title":"The global burden of typhoid and paratyphoid fevers: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017","volume":"19","author":"Stanaway","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Diseases"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(19)30418-9","article-title":"The global burden of non-typhoidal salmonella invasive disease: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017","volume":"19","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"B3","unstructured":"Paratyphoid fever2022"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(01)75566-3","article-title":"On the association of serous haemorrhages with conditions of defective blood-coagulability","author":"Wright","year":"1896","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix042","article-title":"Evaluation of the clinical and microbiological response to salmonella paratyphi A infection in the first paratyphoid human challenge model","volume":"64","author":"Dobinson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-068966","article-title":"Accelerating clinical development of a live attenuated vaccine against Salmonella Paratyphi A (VASP): study protocol for an observer-participant-blind randomised control trial of a novel oral vaccine using a human challenge model of Salmonella Paratyphi A infection in healthy adult volunteers","volume":"13","author":"McCann","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2023-076477","article-title":"Protocol for the challenge non-typhoidal Salmonella (CHANTS) study: a first-in-human, in-patient, double-blind, randomised, safety and dose-escalation controlled human infection model in the UK","volume":"14","author":"Smith","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"B8","article-title":"Appraisal of typhoid vaccine in experimentally infected human subjects","volume":"78","author":"Hornick","year":"1967","journal-title":"Trans Am Clin Climatol Assoc"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197009242831306","article-title":"Typhoid fever: pathogenesis and control","volume":"283","author":"Hornick","year":"1970","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B10","article-title":"Studies of immunity in typhoid fever. 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