{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T12:03:23Z","timestamp":1780056203016,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,16]],"date-time":"2024-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1726444800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) encephalitis and meningitis are potential central nervous system (CNS) complications following primary VZV infection or reactivation. With Type-I interferon (IFN) signalling being an important first line cellular defence mechanism against VZV infection by the peripheral tissues, we here investigated the triggering of innate immune responses in a human neural-like environment. For this, we established and characterised 5-month matured hiPSC-derived neurospheroids (NSPHs) containing neurons and astrocytes. Subsequently, NSPHs were infected with reporter strains of VZV (VZV<jats:sup>eGFP-ORF23<\/jats:sup>) or Sendai virus (SeV<jats:sup>eGFP<\/jats:sup>), with the latter serving as an immune-activating positive control. Live cell and immunocytochemical analyses demonstrated VZV<jats:sup>eGFP-ORF23<\/jats:sup> infection throughout the NSPHs, while SeV<jats:sup>eGFP<\/jats:sup> infection was limited to the outer NSPH border. Next, NanoString digital transcriptomics revealed that SeV<jats:sup>eGFP<\/jats:sup>-infected NSPHs activated a clear Type-I IFN response, while this was not the case in VZV<jats:sup>eGFP-ORF23<\/jats:sup>-infected NSPHs. Moreover, the latter displayed a strong suppression of genes related to IFN signalling and antigen presentation, as further demonstrated by suppression of IL-6 and CXCL10 production, failure to upregulate Type-I IFN activated anti-viral proteins (Mx1, IFIT2 and ISG15), as well as reduced expression of CD74, a key-protein in the MHC class II antigen presentation pathway. Finally, even though VZV<jats:sup>eGFP-ORF23<\/jats:sup>-infection seems to be immunologically ignored in NSPHs, its presence does result in the formation of stress granules upon long-term infection, as well as disruption of cellular integrity within the infected NSPHs. Concluding, in this study we demonstrate that 5-month matured hiPSC-derived NSPHs display functional innate immune reactivity towards SeV infection, and have the capacity to recapitulate the strong immune evasive behaviour towards VZV.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1458967","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,16]],"date-time":"2024-09-16T04:36:48Z","timestamp":1726461408000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Varicella-zoster virus recapitulates its immune evasive behaviour in matured hiPSC-derived neurospheroids"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Jonas","family":"Govaerts","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elise","family":"Van Breedam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"De Beuckeleer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charlotte","family":"Goethals","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudio Peter","family":"D\u2019Incal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Di Stefano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siebe","family":"Van Calster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tamariche","family":"Buyle-Huybrecht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marlies","family":"Boeren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hans","family":"De Reu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S\u00f8ren R.","family":"Paludan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc","family":"Thiry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marielle","family":"Lebrun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine","family":"Sadzot-Delvaux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helena","family":"Motaln","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Boris","family":"Rogelj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johan","family":"Van Weyenbergh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Winnok H.","family":"De Vos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wim","family":"Vanden Berghe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benson","family":"Ogunjimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Delputte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Ponsaerts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21775\/cimb.042.635","article-title":"Host innate immune response and viral immune evasion during alphaherpesvirus infection","volume":"42","author":"Lum","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr Issues Mol Biol"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00357-12","article-title":"Pangaea and the out-of-Africa model of varicella-zoster virus evolution and phylogeography","volume":"86","author":"Grose","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro3215","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of varicella zoster virus pathogenesis","volume":"12","author":"Zerboni","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15016","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2015.16","article-title":"Varicella zoster virus infection","volume":"1","author":"Gershon","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1177245","article-title":"Lack of strong innate immune reactivity renders macrophages alone unable to control productive Varicella-Zoster Virus infection in an isogenic human iPSC-derived neuronal co-culture model","volume":"14","author":"Van Breedam","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0000000000000647","article-title":"Central nervous system infections produced by varicella zoster virus","volume":"33","author":"Nagel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Opin Infect Dis"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.3390\/v14030634","article-title":"Human brain organoids as models for central nervous system viral infection","volume":"14","author":"Depla","year":"2022","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fviro.2022.869657","article-title":"Using 2D and 3D pluripotent stem cell models to study neurotropic viruses","volume":"2","author":"LaNoce","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Virol"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-021-00802-y","article-title":"Long-term maturation of human cortical organoids matches key early postnatal transitions","volume":"24","author":"Gordon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1159\/000346166","article-title":"Differentiation patterns of embryonic stem cells in two- versus three-dimensional culture","volume":"197","author":"Pineda","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cells Tissues Organs"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2017.07.035","article-title":"Human astrocyte maturation captured in 3D cerebral cortical spheroids derived from pluripotent stem cells","volume":"95","author":"Sloan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/term.2001","article-title":"Human neural stem cell-derived cultures in three-dimensional substrates form spontaneously functional neuronal networks","volume":"11","author":"Smith","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Tissue Eng Regener Med"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1362","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2021.03.004","article-title":"Organoid modeling of Zika and herpes simplex virus 1 infections reveals virus-specific responses leading to microcephaly","volume":"28","author":"Krenn","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.04.032","article-title":"Brain-region-specific organoids using mini-bioreactors for modeling ZIKV exposure","volume":"165","author":"Qian","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-023-01405-y","article-title":"Modelling viral encephalitis caused by herpes simplex virus 1 infection in cerebral organoids","volume":"8","author":"Rybak-Wolf","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Microbiol"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adg2248","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 infection and viral fusogens cause neuronal and glial fusion that compromises neuronal activity","volume":"9","author":"Martinez-Marmol","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Adv"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2020.10.001","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 infects the brain choroid plexus and disrupts the blood-CSF barrier in human brain organoids","volume":"27","author":"Pellegrini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.2430","article-title":"Human brain organoids to explore SARS-CoV-2-induced effects on the central nervous system","volume":"33","author":"Ostermann","year":"2023","journal-title":"Rev Med Virol"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.792316","article-title":"Human brain organoids as an in vitro model system of viral infectious diseases","volume":"12","author":"Su","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-020-00474-y","article-title":"Human stem cell models to study host-virus interactions in the central nervous system","volume":"21","author":"Harschnitz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02396-10","article-title":"Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) infection of neurons derived from human embryonic stem cells: direct demonstration of axonal infection, transport of VZV, and productive neuronal infection","volume":"85","author":"Markus","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1004885","article-title":"An in vitro model of latency and reactivation of varicella zoster virus in human stem cell-derived neurons","volume":"11","author":"Markus","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.3390\/v13030485","article-title":"Varicella-zoster virus infection of neurons derived from neural stem cells","volume":"13","author":"Kennedy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1128","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01108-17","article-title":"Human embryonic stem cell-derived neurons are highly permissive for varicella-zoster virus lytic infection","volume":"92","author":"Sadaoka","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2517","DOI":"10.3390\/v14112517","article-title":"Activation of interferon-stimulated genes following varicella-zoster virus infection in a human iPSC-derived neuronal in vitro model depends on exogenous interferon-alpha","volume":"14","author":"Boeren","year":"2022","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.01024","article-title":"Interaction of microglia and astrocytes in the neurovascular unit","volume":"11","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1433","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-022-01235-6","article-title":"Luminescent human iPSC-derived neurospheroids enable modeling of neurotoxicity after oxygen-glucose deprivation","volume":"19","author":"Van Breedam","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2014.02.023","article-title":"Varicella-zoster virus induces the formation of dynamic nuclear capsid aggregates","author":"Lebrun","year":"2014","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1295","DOI":"10.21769\/BioProtoc.1295","article-title":"Infectious focus assays and multiplicity of infection (MOI) calculations for Alphaherpesviruses","volume":"4","author":"Sloutskin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bio-protocol"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/icb.2014.49","article-title":"Distinct spatial distribution of microglia and macrophages following mesenchymal stem cell implantation in mouse brain","volume":"92","author":"Le Blon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Immunol Cell Biol"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2020.05.014","article-title":"CD49f is a novel marker of functional and reactive human iPSC-derived astrocytes","volume":"107","author":"Barbar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xpro.2020.100172","article-title":"Isolation of human CD49f(+) astrocytes and in vitro iPSC-based neurotoxicity assays","volume":"1","author":"Barbar","year":"2020","journal-title":"STAR Protoc"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/stem.2360","article-title":"In vivo interleukin-13-primed macrophages contribute to reduced alloantigen-specific T cell activation and prolong immunological survival of allogeneic mesenchymal stem cell implants","volume":"34","author":"Hoornaert","year":"2016","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-022-02658-w","article-title":"Systemic cytokines and GlycA discriminate disease status and predict corticosteroid response in HTLV-1-associated neuroinflammation","volume":"19","author":"Assone","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s43587-023-00421-1","article-title":"Immunovirological and environmental screening reveals actionable risk factors for fatal COVID-19 during post-vaccination nursing home outbreaks","volume":"3","author":"Cuypers","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Aging"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.02475","article-title":"In situ immune signatures and microbial load at the nasopharyngeal interface in children with acute respiratory infection","volume":"9","author":"Fukutani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-5247(21)00063-X","article-title":"Endogenous IFNbeta expression predicts outcome in critical patients with COVID-19","volume":"2","author":"Menezes","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Microbe"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2022.07.008","article-title":"T cell immunity in HSV-1- and VZV-infected neural ganglia","volume":"31","author":"Boeren","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12640","article-title":"Cell intrinsic immunity spreads to bystander cells via the intercellular transfer of cGAMP","volume":"503","author":"Ablasser","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2016.10.002","article-title":"Intercellular communication for innate immunity","volume":"86","author":"Nguyen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol Immunol"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI92280","article-title":"Inborn errors in RNA polymerase III underlie severe varicella zoster virus infections","volume":"127","author":"Ogunjimi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI88720","article-title":"Regional astrocyte IFN signaling restricts pathogenesis during neurotropic viral infection","volume":"127","author":"Daniels","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e01901-17","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01901-17","article-title":"Alpha\/Beta interferon (IFN-alpha\/beta) signaling in astrocytes mediates protection against viral encephalomyelitis and regulates IFN-gamma-dependent responses","volume":"92","author":"Hwang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2020.07.007","article-title":"The role of astrocytes in CNS inflammation","volume":"41","author":"Giovannoni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Immunol"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2020.08.012","article-title":"Astrocyte crosstalk in CNS inflammation","volume":"108","author":"Linnerbauer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-018-1360-9","article-title":"Varicella zoster virus differentially alters morphology and suppresses proinflammatory cytokines in primary human spinal cord and hippocampal astrocytes","volume":"15","author":"Bubak","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physiol.00036.2016","article-title":"Modeling physiological events in 2D vs. 3D cell culture","volume":"32","author":"Duval","year":"2017","journal-title":"Physiol (Bethesda)"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2021.167243","article-title":"Applications of brain organoids for infectious diseases","volume":"434","author":"Fan","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Mol Biol"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1510","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10111510","article-title":"Methodologies for generating brain organoids to model viral pathogenesis in the CNS","volume":"10","author":"Hopkins","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13365-023-01133-3","article-title":"iPSC-derived three-dimensional brain organoid models and neurotropic viral infections","volume":"29","author":"Swingler","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Neurovirol"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2015.11.013","article-title":"Purification and characterization of progenitor and mature human astrocytes reveals transcriptional and functional differences with mouse","volume":"89","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2024.07.008","article-title":"Transcriptomic and proteomic profiling of bi-partite and tri-partite murine iPSC-derived neurospheroids under steady-state and inflammatory condition","volume":"121","author":"Di Stefano","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16944","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-53414-9","article-title":"Co-stimulation with IL-1beta and TNF-alpha induces an inflammatory reactive astrocyte phenotype with neurosupportive characteristics in a human pluripotent stem cell model system","volume":"9","author":"Hyvarinen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.03307-12","article-title":"Astrocyte-derived CXCL10 drives accumulation of antibody-secreting cells in the central nervous system during viral encephalomyelitis","volume":"87","author":"Phares","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00001","article-title":"Manipulation of the innate immune response by varicella zoster virus","volume":"11","author":"Gerada","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00251-016-0911-4","article-title":"Immunological evasion of immediate-early varicella zoster virus proteins","volume":"68","author":"Meysman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Immunogenetics"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2010.07.001","article-title":"Innate immune response and viral interference strategies developed by human herpesviruses","volume":"80","author":"Vandevenne","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biochem Pharmacol"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1007\/82_2022_254","article-title":"Modulation of MHC and MHC-like molecules by varicella zoster virus","volume":"438","author":"Abendroth","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr Top Microbiol Immunol"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.74.4.1900-1907.2000","article-title":"Modulation of major histocompatibility class II protein expression by varicella-zoster virus","volume":"74","author":"Abendroth","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00711-07","article-title":"Downregulation of class I major histocompatibility complex surface expression by varicella-zoster virus involves open reading frame 66 protein kinase-dependent and -independent mechanisms","volume":"81","author":"Eisfeld","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.15252\/embj.2021109217","article-title":"Varicella-Zoster virus ORF9 is an antagonist of the DNA sensor cGAS","author":"Hertzog","year":"2022","journal-title":"EMBO J"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0016870","article-title":"The varicella-zoster virus ORF47 kinase interferes with host innate immune response by inhibiting the activation of IRF3","volume":"6","author":"Vandevenne","year":"2011","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.171.6.3075","article-title":"Herpes simplex virus type 1 targets the MHC class II processing pathway for immune evasion","volume":"171","author":"Neumann","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.3390\/v9120372","article-title":"Herpesvirus and autophagy: \u201cAll right, everybody be cool, this is a robbery!\u201d","volume":"9","author":"Lussignol","year":"2017","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.3390\/v13061053","article-title":"The role of autophagy in varicella zoster virus infection","volume":"13","author":"Heinz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiab254","article-title":"Genetic variants and immune responses in a cohort of patients with varicella zoster virus encephalitis","volume":"224","author":"Thomsen","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.29690","article-title":"Varicella zoster virus-induced autophagy in human neuronal and hematopoietic cells exerts antiviral activity","volume":"96","author":"Heinz","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7140","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23137140","article-title":"Promising strategies for the development of advanced in vitro models with high predictive power in ischaemic stroke research","volume":"23","author":"Van Breedam","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1186\/s13024-018-0297-x","article-title":"Development and validation of a simplified method to generate human microglia from pluripotent stem cells","volume":"13","author":"McQuade","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol Neurodegener"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2017.03.042","article-title":"iPSC-derived human microglia-like cells to study neurological diseases","volume":"94","author":"Abud","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiad609","article-title":"Unravelling the immune signature of herpes zoster: Insights into pathophysiology and the HLA risk profile","author":"Vandoren","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002367","article-title":"CD4 T cell immunity is critical for the control of simian varicella virus infection in a nonhuman primate model of VZV infection","volume":"7","author":"Haberthur","year":"2011","journal-title":"PloS Pathog"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114062","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2024.114062","article-title":"Lack of functional TCR-epitope interaction is associated with herpes zoster through reduced downstream T cell activation","volume":"43","author":"Boeren","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1274","article-title":"Primary and acquired immunodeficiencies associated with severe varicella-zoster virus infections","volume":"73","author":"Ansari","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/stem.3368","article-title":"Vascularization of human brain organoids","volume":"39","author":"Matsui","year":"2021","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1002\/med.21922","article-title":"Toward the next generation of vascularized human neural organoids","volume":"43","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Med Res Rev"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2022.104110","article-title":"Vascularizing the brain in vitro","volume":"25","author":"Aazmi","year":"2022","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcb.2016.05.004","article-title":"Principles and properties of stress granules","volume":"26","author":"Protter","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trends Cell Biol"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41583-019-0222-5","article-title":"Stress granules and neurodegeneration","volume":"20","author":"Wolozin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D0BM00488J","article-title":"Cold atmospheric plasma induces stress granule formation via an eIF2alpha-dependent pathway","volume":"8","author":"Motaln","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomater Sci"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1138864","article-title":"Multiple functions of stress granules in viral infection at a glance","volume":"14","author":"Guan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01554-14","article-title":"The herpes simplex virus 2 virion-associated ribonuclease vhs interferes with stress granule formation","volume":"88","author":"Finnen","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/emboj\/cdf513","article-title":"Sendai virus trailer RNA binds TIAR, a cellular protein involved in virus-induced apoptosis","volume":"21","author":"Iseni","year":"2002","journal-title":"EMBO J"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1458967\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,16]],"date-time":"2024-09-16T04:36:54Z","timestamp":1726461414000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1458967\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,16]]},"references-count":83,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1458967"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1458967","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,16]]},"article-number":"1458967"}}