{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T13:10:32Z","timestamp":1790082632974,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,13]],"date-time":"2024-11-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1731456000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cytokine autoantibodies (c-aAb) have been associated with pulmonary diseases, including severe novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and pulmonary alveolar proteinosis. This study aimed to determine c-aAb association with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) etiology (SARS-CoV-2, influenza, or bacteria) and c-aAb associations with CAP-related clinical outcomes and pulmonary comorbidities.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>In a cohort of 665 patients hospitalized with CAP, c-aAb targeting interferon \u03b1 (IFN\u03b1), IFN\u03b2, IFN\u03b3, interleukin-1\u03b1 (IL-1\u03b1), IL-6, IL-10, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) were measured in plasma samples. Associations between c-aAb and baseline characteristics, pulmonary comorbidities, pathogen, intensive care unit (ICU) transferal, time to clinical stability, and mortality were estimated, with results stratified by sex.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>More men infected with SARS-CoV-2 were had high-titer type 1 IFN c-aAb compared to other pathogens. Among patients with CAP, asthma and bronchiectasis comorbidities were associated with high-titer GM-CSF c-aAb in men, and men with high-titer IFN\u03b2 c-aAb had increased odds for ICU transferal. High-titer IL-10 c-aAb were associated with faster clinical stability in women<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>In men with CAP, various c-aAb\u2014including type 1 IFN and GM-CSF c-aAb\u2014were associated with adverse clinical events and comorbidities, whereas c-aAb targeting an autoinflammatory cytokine were associated with a positive outcome in women. This suggests that the potentially immunomodulatory effects of c-aAb depend on pathogen, autoantibody specificity, comorbidity, and sex.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1459616","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,13]],"date-time":"2024-11-13T04:40:02Z","timestamp":1731472802000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Autoantibodies targeting interferons and GM-CSF are associated with adverse outcome risk, comorbidities, and pathogen in community-acquired pneumonia"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Jakob Hjorth","family":"Von Stemann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arnold Matovu","family":"Dungu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria 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