{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T16:15:54Z","timestamp":1792512954247,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,16]],"date-time":"2024-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1726444800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Enterotoxigenic\n                      <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      (ETEC) is the main diarrhea-causing pathogen in children and young animals and has become a global health concern. Berberine is a type of \u201cmedicine and food homology\u201d and has a long history of use in China, particularly in treating gastrointestinal disorders and bacterial diarrhea.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this study, we explored the effects of berberine on growth performance, intestinal inflammation, oxidative damage, and intestinal microbiota in a weaned piglet model of ETEC infection. Twenty-four piglets were randomly divided into four groups\u2014a control group (fed a basal diet [BD] and infused with saline), a BD+ETEC group (fed a basal diet and infused with ETEC), a LB+ETEC group (fed a basal diet with 0.05% berberine and infused with ETEC infection), and a HB+ETEC group (fed a basal diet with 0.1% berberine and infused with ETEC).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Berberine significantly improved the final body weight (BW), average daily gain (ADG), and average daily feed intake (ADFI) (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt;0.05) of piglets, and effectively decreased the incidence of diarrhea among the animals (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt;0.05). Additionally, berberine significantly downregulated the expression levels of the genes encoding TNF-\u03b1, IL-1\u03b2, IL-6, IL-8, TLR4, MyD88, NF-\u03baB, IKK\u03b1, and IKK\u03b2 in the small intestine of piglets (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt;0.05). ETEC infection significantly upregulated the expression of genes coding for Nrf2, CAT, SOD1, GPX1, GST, NQO1, HO-1, GCLC, and GCLM in the small intestine of the animals (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt;0.05). Berberine significantly upregulated 12 functional COG categories and 7 KEGG signaling pathways. A correlation analysis showed that berberine significantly increased the relative abundance of beneficial bacteria (Gemmiger, Pediococcus, Levilactobacillus, Clostridium, Lactiplantibacillus, Weissella, Enterococcus, Blautia, and Butyricicoccus) and decreased that of pathogenic bacteria (Prevotella, Streptococcus, Parabacteroides, Flavonifractor, Alloprevotella) known to be closely related to intestinal inflammation and oxidative stress in piglets. In conclusion, ETEC infection disrupted the intestinal microbiota in weaned piglets, upregulating the TLR4\/MyD88\/NF-\u03baB and Nrf2 signaling pathways, and consequently leading to intestinal inflammation and oxidative stress-induced damage.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our data indicated that berberine can optimize intestinal microbiota balance and modulate the TLR4\/MyD88\/NF-\u03baB and Nrf2 signaling pathways, thus helping to alleviate intestinal inflammation and oxidative damage caused by ETEC infection in weaned piglets.<\/jats:p>\n                  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