{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T16:53:55Z","timestamp":1790873635607,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,29]],"date-time":"2024-08-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724889600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Variations in vaccine responses have been observed between populations. A role for helminth infections has been proposed due to their immunomodulatory properties. In a secondary analysis of data from a randomised trial assessing effects of anthelminthic treatment on vaccine responses, we examined associations between helminth infections at baseline prior to vaccine administration, and vaccine responses among adolescents (9-17 years) in Koome Islands, Lake Victoria, Uganda.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Participants received BCG [week 0], yellow fever (YF-17D), oral typhoid (Ty21a), HPV-prime [week 4], and HPV-boost, tetanus\/diphtheria [week 28]. Outcomes were BCG-specific interferon-\u03b3 ELISpot responses and antibody responses to yellow-fever-, typhoid-, HPV-, tetanus- and diphtheria-specific antigens measured at two time points post vaccination.\n                      <jats:italic>S. mansoni<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection was determined as positive if either the plasma Circulating Anodic Antigen (CAA) assay or stool PCR were positive. Hookworm and\n                      <jats:italic>Strongyloides<\/jats:italic>\n                      were determined by stool PCR. Linear mixed effects regression was used to assess associations.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Among 478 adolescents, 70% were\n                      <jats:italic>Schistosoma mansoni<\/jats:italic>\n                      (Sm) infected and 23% hookworm infected at baseline.\n                      <jats:italic>Sm<\/jats:italic>\n                      was associated with lower\n                      <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      Typhi O:LPS-specific IgG responses (adjusted geometric mean ratio (aGMR) 0.69 (0.57-0.83)), and hookworm with higher diphtheria-specific IgG (aGMR 1.16 (1.02, 1.31)) and lower HPV-16-specific IgG (aGMR 0.70 (0.55, 0.90)) post-vaccination. High\n                      <jats:italic>Sm<\/jats:italic>\n                      intensity was associated with lower BCG-specific interferon-\u03b3 and\n                      <jats:italic>S.<\/jats:italic>\n                      Typhi O:LPS-specific IgG.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We found inverse associations between\n                      <jats:italic>Sm<\/jats:italic>\n                      and responses to two live vaccines, whereas hookworm was positively associated with diphtheria-specific IgG. These findings support the hypothesis that helminth infections can modulate vaccine responses, while also highlighting potential heterogeneity in the direction of these effects.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1460183","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,29]],"date-time":"2024-08-29T01:06:28Z","timestamp":1724893588000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Pre-vaccination Schistosoma mansoni and hookworm infections are associated with altered vaccine immune responses: a longitudinal analysis among adolescents living in helminth-endemic islands of Lake Victoria, Uganda"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Agnes","family":"Natukunda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ludoviko","family":"Zirimenya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gyaviira","family":"Nkurunungi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacent","family":"Nassuuna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ronald","family":"Nkangi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alex","family":"Mutebe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul L. 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