{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T14:09:40Z","timestamp":1790604580648,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,3]],"date-time":"2024-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725321600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Currently, the prognosis of advanced intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) is poor, and the current treatment methods are not effective.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>The aim of this study was to evaluate the anticancer efficacy of chemotherapy combined with PD-1 inhibitors and tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) in patients with ICC.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We retrospectively screened patients with advanced intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) who received chemotherapy combined with lenvatinib and PD-1. We evaluated overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), the objective response rate (ORR), the disease control rate (DCR), the tumor shrinkage rate, and safety.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>We enrolled 95 patients with ICC and divided them into three groups with a median follow-up duration of 15.1 months. The chemotherapy group (chemo-regimen group), chemotherapy combined with immune checkpoint inhibitors (dual-regimen group), and chemotherapy combined with lenvatinib (triple-regimen group) had median OS times of 13.1 months, 20.8 months, and 39.6 months, respectively. Notably, the triple-regimen group had a significantly longer OS than did the chemo-regimen and dual-regimen groups. The chemo-regimen group, dual-regimen group, and triple-regimen group reported median PFS durations of 4.8 months, 11.9 months, and 23.4 months, respectively. Both combination groups exhibited significantly longer PFS than the chemotherapy-only group (P&amp;lt;0.05). The ORRs of the chemo-regimen, dual-regimen, and triple-regimen groups were 18.2%, 55.5%, and 54.7%, respectively. The DCRs were 72.7%, 90%, and 96.2%, respectively, indicating significantly better outcomes in the combination therapy groups.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The combination of chemotherapy with PD-1 inhibitors and lenvatinib demonstrates considerable efficacy and tolerability as a treatment strategy for patients with advanced ICC.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1463574","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,3]],"date-time":"2024-09-03T04:41:10Z","timestamp":1725338470000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Chemotherapy combined with lenvatinib and PD-1 may be a potential better alternative option for advanced unresectable intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: a retrospective real-world 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