{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T17:10:58Z","timestamp":1784308258104,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,18]],"date-time":"2024-12-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734480000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Tetanus, caused by <jats:italic>Clostridium tetani<\/jats:italic>, poses a life-threatening risk by affecting the nervous system and inducing muscle tightness. The objective of this study is to examine the knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors of non-medical university students regarding the tetanus vaccine in the context of post-road accidents.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in 2023, involving 378 students from non-medical disciplines, primarily from information technology, business administration, and engineering faculties, with a mean age of 20.7 years. The sample size was calculated using the Raosoft sample calculator, and participants were selected via consecutive random sampling. Data was collected through a structured, self-administered questionnaire and analyzed using SPSS 22.0.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Gender distribution was 51.6% female and 48.4% male. Out of the 378 students, 53.4% (p=0.003) were unaware of tetanus contraction sources, 52.8% (p=0.004) lacked knowledge of its symptoms and 68.3% (p=0.004) were unfamiliar with the total number of doses. An appreciable 88.9% (p0.063) are willing to receive post-accident tetanus vaccination, reflecting positive attitudes and openness to preventive measures. Similarly, the p-values &amp;gt;0.05 show no gender disparity in willingness to receive tetanus vaccination (p=0.063) and recommending vaccination to others after a road accident (p=0.879).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Notwithstanding participants' positive attitudes, the results indicate poor knowledge of tetanus regarding its transmission, symptoms, and doses. Interventions should focus on refining practical aspects of education, including symptom recognition, vaccine efficacy, duration, and the importance of sustaining immunity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1468356","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,18]],"date-time":"2024-12-18T06:44:56Z","timestamp":1734504296000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Revitalizing tetanus vaccine literacy post road accidents: a comprehensive examination of knowledge and awareness initiative among non-medical university students in Lahore, Pakistan"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Fiza","family":"Ayub","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wahaj","family":"Saleem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Awais","family":"Shahid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Afzal","family":"Hussain Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amal K.","family":"Suleiman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laiba","family":"Akram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sadaf","family":"Sajid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Allah","family":"Bukhsh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mirza Rafi","family":"Baig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tahir Mehmood","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","first-page":"6","article-title":"To determine influence of various risk factors of tetanus on its outcome","volume":"6","author":"Ayyub","year":"2018","journal-title":"Asian J Multidiscip Stud"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/INJMS.INJMS_36_19","article-title":"Knowledge and practices regarding the prevention of tetanus among adults of resettlement colony of Delhi, India","volume":"10","author":"Dahiya","year":"2019","journal-title":"Indian J Med Specialities"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.35975\/apic.v25i5.1625","article-title":"Clinical profile of adult tetanus patients and the impact of early tracheostomy on the outcome; a retrospective observational study","volume":"25","author":"Naz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anaesthesia Pain Intensive Care"},{"key":"B4","article-title":"Knowledge, attitudes and practices of general practitioners in Karachi District Central about tetanus immunization in adults","volume":"51","author":"Ahmed","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal-Pakistan Med Assoc"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268817000516","article-title":"Tetanus vaccination, antibody persistence and decennial booster: a serosurvey of university students and at-risk workers","volume":"145","author":"Borella-Venturini","year":"2017","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.24203\/ajas.v7i5.5785","article-title":"Knowledge and behaviour towards tetanus toxoid immunisation in south-south, Nigeria: findings from antenatal clinic attendees","volume":"7","author":"Abah","year":"2019","journal-title":"Asian J Appl Sci"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.46536\/jpumhs\/2021\/11.02.291","article-title":"Tetanus outcomes in atertiary care hospital in karachi","volume":"11","author":"Waqar","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Peoples Univ Med Health Sci Nawabshah(JPUMHS)"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2019.1653745","article-title":"Insufficient knowledge and inappropriate practices of emergency doctors towards tetanus prevention in trauma patients: a pilot survey","volume":"16","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hum Vaccines Immunotherapeut"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.26717\/BJSTR.2019.14.002581","article-title":"Public awareness about tetanus","author":"Qadir","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Sci Tech Res"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.4472","article-title":"Awareness, knowledge, and coverage of vaccination against tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis among medical students of Karachi: a cross-sectional analysis","volume":"11","author":"Siddiqui","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"B11","first-page":"378","article-title":"Knowledge and attitudes about tetanus and rabies: a population-based survey from Karachi, Pakistan","volume":"62","author":"Wasay","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Pakistan Med Assoc"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-154-5-201103010-00007","article-title":"Narrative review: tetanus-A health threat after natural disasters in developing countries","volume":"154","author":"Afshar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann Internal Med"},{"key":"B13","article-title":"Assessment of immunization status and barriers to vaccination among the university students of Pakistan","volume":"30","author":"Majeed","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vaccimonitor"},{"key":"B14","volume-title":"Tetanus Toxoid Adsorbed National Institute of Health Pakistan","year":"2018"},{"key":"B15","unstructured":"World Health Organization"},{"key":"B16","unstructured":"Federal Directorate of Immunization"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106063","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2020.106063","article-title":"Higher education associated with better national tetanus vaccination coverage: A population-based assessment","volume":"134","author":"Rencken","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prev Med"},{"key":"B18","article-title":"Awareness of Tetanus Toxoid vaccination among pregnant women attending Antenatal Clinic in Districts: Lahore &Sheikhupura-Pakistan","volume":"8","author":"Hashami","year":"2020","journal-title":"GSJ"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.51253\/pafmj.v73i2.8404","article-title":"Awareness and uptake of tetanus toxoid vaccination among females of reproductive age in rawalpindi","volume":"73","author":"Humayun","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pakistan Armed Forces Med J"},{"key":"B20","article-title":"Immunization in medical students: Knowledge and practice","volume":"11","author":"Riaz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pak J Med Health Sci"},{"key":"B21","first-page":"1119","article-title":"Students\u2019 Knowledge toward importance of tetanus toxoid vaccine for women and their children in al-bayan university","volume":"23","author":"Salih","year":"2023","journal-title":"HIV Nursing"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2023022","DOI":"10.53388\/IN2023022","article-title":"Knowledge, attitude, and awareness on (tetanus, diphtheria and acellular pertussis) vaccination during pregnancy in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","volume":"7","author":"Alghamdi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nurs Commun"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2023.2202128","article-title":"Assessment of tetanus Immunization among healthcare workers in Mogadishu, Somalia","volume":"2202128","author":"Do\u011fan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hum Vaccines Immunotherapeut"},{"key":"B24","article-title":"Knowledge attitude and practices regarding tetanus toxoid vaccination in reproductive age women (15-49). a descriptive crosssectional study in pak emirates military hospital, rawalpindi","volume":"69","author":"Bint e Ajmal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pakistan Armed Forces Med J"},{"key":"B25","article-title":"Tetanus toxoid vaccination coverage and reasons for non-vaccination among married women in reproductive age group of 15\u201449 years","author":"Haider","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Akhtar Saeed Med Dental Coll"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02724406","article-title":"Knowledge of general public and health professionals about tetanus immunization","volume":"72","author":"Dabas","year":"2005","journal-title":"Indian J Pediatrics"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1749-7922-6-20","article-title":"Ten-year experiences with Tetanus at a Tertiary hospital in Northwestern Tanzania: A retrospective review of 102 cases","volume":"6","author":"Chalya","year":"2011","journal-title":"World J Emergency Surgery"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1258\/004947507781524601","article-title":"A 12-year review of cases of adult tetanus managed at the University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria","volume":"37","author":"Sanya","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trop Doctor"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.29309\/TPMJ\/2016.23.06.1598","article-title":"Tetanus situation in Pakistan: comparison of medical versus surgical management","volume":"23","author":"Talpur","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prof Med J"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines12010080","article-title":"Exploring perceptions and practices regarding adult vaccination against seasonal influenza, tetanus, pneumococcal disease, herpes zoster and COVID-19: A mixed-methods study in Greece","volume":"12","author":"Avramidis","year":"2024","journal-title":"Vaccines"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14760584.2022.2063118","article-title":"Vaccination coverage rates and attitudes towards mandatory vaccinations among healthcare personnel in tertiary-care hospitals in Greece","volume":"21","author":"Maltezou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Expert Rev Vaccines"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1468356\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,18]],"date-time":"2024-12-18T06:45:01Z","timestamp":1734504301000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1468356\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,18]]},"references-count":31,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1468356"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1468356","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,18]]},"article-number":"1468356"}}