{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T20:22:43Z","timestamp":1793996563120,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":151,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,31]],"date-time":"2024-10-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730332800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100016350","name":"Sichuan Provincial Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100016350","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Coagulopathy is a critical pathophysiological mechanism of acute pancreatitis (AP), arising from the complex interplay between innate immune, endothelial cells and platelets. Although initially beneficial for the host, uncontrolled and systemic activation of coagulation cascade in AP can lead to thrombotic and hemorrhagic complications, ranging from subclinical abnormalities in coagulation tests to severe clinical manifestations, such as disseminated intravascular coagulation. Initiation of coagulation activation and consequent thrombin generation is caused by expression of tissue factor on activated monocytes and is ineffectually offset by tissue factor pathway inhibitor. At the same time, endothelial-associated anticoagulant pathways, in particular the protein C system, is impaired by pro-inflammatory cytokines. Also, fibrin removal is severely obstructed by inactivation of the endogenous fibrinolytic system, mainly as a result of upregulation of its principal inhibitor, plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1. Finally, increased fibrin generation and impaired break down lead to deposition of (micro) vascular clots, which may contribute to tissue ischemia and ensuing organ dysfunction. Despite the high burden of coagulopathy that have a negative impact on AP patients\u2019 prognosis, there is no effective treatment yet. Although a variety of anticoagulants drugs have been evaluated in clinical trials, their beneficial effects are inconsistent, and they are also characterized by hemorrhagic complications. Future studies are called to unravel the pathophysiologic mechanisms involved in coagulopathy in AP, and to test novel therapeutics block coagulopathy in AP.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1477160","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,31]],"date-time":"2024-10-31T00:41:14Z","timestamp":1730335274000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Coagulopathy and acute pancreatitis: pathophysiology and clinical treatment"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Lan","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qingyuan","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xueying","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaowen","family":"Mou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ziqi","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tingting","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lihui","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qing","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ams2.2019.6.issue-3","article-title":"Sepsis-induced coagulopathy and disseminated intravascular coagulation","volume":"46","author":"Iba","year":"2019","journal-title":"Semin Thromb Hemostasis"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra021333","article-title":"The pathophysiology and treatment of sepsis","volume":"348","author":"Hotchkiss","year":"2003","journal-title":"NEJM"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18040753","article-title":"Serum Concentrations of Angiopoietin-2 and Soluble fms-Like Tyrosine Kinase 1 (sFlt-1) Are Associated with Coagulopathy among Patients with Acute Pancreatitis","volume":"18","author":"Dumnicka","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2019.01.268","article-title":"Early intra-acinar events in pathogenesis of pancreatitis","volume":"156","author":"Saluja","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-019-0158-2","article-title":"New insights into acute pancreatitis","volume":"16","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02788446","article-title":"Ultrastructure of human acute pancreatitis","volume":"1","author":"Bockman","year":"1986","journal-title":"Int J Pancreatol"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.5316","article-title":"Disturbances of the microcirculation in acute pancreatitis","volume":"93","author":"Cuthbertson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pan.2023.02.007","article-title":"Acute pancreatitis induces a transient hypercoagulable state in murine models","volume":"23","author":"Rao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pancreatology"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-012-2034-6","article-title":"Utility of clot formation and lysis assay to monitor global coagulation state of patients with severe acute pancreatitis","volume":"57","author":"Zhu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Digest Dis Sci"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1013284008219","article-title":"Persistent multiple organ microcirculatory disorders in severe acute pancreatitis experimental findings and clinical implications","volume":"47","author":"Foitzik","year":"2002","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1477-2574.2009.00038.x","article-title":"Incidence of individual organ dysfunction in fatal acute pancreatitis: analysis of 1024 death records","volume":"11","author":"Mole","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hpb"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0049-3848(86)90227-6","article-title":"Consumptive coagulopathy, fibrinolysis and protease-antiprotease interactions during acute human pancreatitis","volume":"41","author":"Lasson","year":"1986","journal-title":"Thromb Res"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006676-200303000-00003","article-title":"Coagulative disorders in human acute pancreatitis role for the D-dimer","volume":"26","author":"Salomone","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pancreas"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mpa.0000186248.89081.44","article-title":"Applicability of disseminated intravascular coagulation parameters in the assessment of the severity of acute pancreatitis","volume":"32","author":"Maeda","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pancreas"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MPA.0000000000000739","article-title":"Disseminated intravascular coagulation on admission predicts complications and poor prognosis of acute pancreatitis: analysis of the nationwide epidemiological survey in Japan","volume":"46","author":"Hamada","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pancreas"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101060","DOI":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2022.101060","article-title":"Guidelines for the management of patients with severe acute pancreatitis, 2021","volume":"41","author":"Jaber","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anaesthesia Crit Care Pain Med"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.0000168413.29874.d7","article-title":"Intracellular and surface distribution of monocyte tissue factor","volume":"25","author":"Egorina","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis Vasc Biol"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.202149410","article-title":"Innate immune signaling and immunothrombosis: New insights and therapeutic opportunities","volume":"52","author":"Ryan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2009-12-259267","article-title":"Hematopoietic and nonhematopoietic cell tissue factor activates the coagulation cascade in endotoxemic mice","volume":"116","author":"Pawlinski","year":"2010","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jim.2009.08.007","article-title":"Expression of blood coagulation factors on monocytes after exposure to TNF-treated endothelium in a novel whole blood model of arterial flow","volume":"350","author":"Macey","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Immunol Methods"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/383073a0","article-title":"Role of tissue factor in embryonic blood vessel development","volume":"383","author":"Carmeliet","year":"1996","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-014-0631-9","article-title":"Genetic variation in the tissue factor gene is associated with clinical outcome in severe sepsis patients","volume":"18","author":"Shi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/BCJ20210522","article-title":"Immunothrombosis and the molecular control of tissue factor by pyroptosis: prospects for new anticoagulants","volume":"479","author":"Ryan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biochem J"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2019.04.003","article-title":"Inflammasome activation triggers blood clotting and host death through pyroptosis","volume":"50","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2019.11.005","article-title":"Bacterial endotoxin activates the coagulation cascade through gasdermin D-dependent phosphatidylserine exposure","volume":"51","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2019001400","article-title":"Acid sphingomyelinase plays a critical role in LPS- and cytokine-induced tissue factor procoagulant activity","volume":"134","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2004-03-1095","article-title":"Tissue-factor\u2013bearing microvesicles arise from lipid rafts and fuse with activated platelets to initiate coagulation","volume":"106","author":"del Conde","year":"2005","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0030-1254052","article-title":"Activation and regulation of hemostasis in acute liver failure and acute pancreatitis","volume":"36","author":"Lisman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Semin Thromb Hemostasis"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41422-020-0275-z","article-title":"Transferrin: a blood coagulation modifier","volume":"30","author":"Schmaier","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Res"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2004-01-0145","article-title":"Characterization of monocyte tissue factor activity induced by IgG antiphospholipid antibodies and inhibition by dilazep","volume":"104","author":"Zhou","year":"2004","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B31","article-title":"Haematologica","volume":"85","author":"Grignani","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cytokines Hemostasis"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/092986706778522011","article-title":"Interaction between cytokines and oxidative stress in acute pancreatitis","volume":"13","author":"Pereda","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr Med Chem"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1023\/a:1013952114485","article-title":"Receptors of the PAR family as a link between blood coagulation and inflammation","volume":"67","author":"Dugina","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20112322","article-title":"Monocytes, neutrophils, and platelets cooperate to initiate and propagate venous thrombosis in mice in vivo","volume":"209","author":"von Br\u00fchl","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000015648","article-title":"Prediction of mortality and organ failure based on coagulation and fibrinolysis markers in patients with acute pancreatitis","volume":"98","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MPA.0b013e3181a66860","article-title":"D-dimer in acute pancreatitis a new approach for an early assessment of organ failure","volume":"38","author":"Radenkovic","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pancreas"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccc.2019.12.002","article-title":"Role of antithrombin III and tissue factor pathway in the pathogenesis of sepsis","volume":"36","author":"Sungurlu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crit Care Clin"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000333481","article-title":"Thrombin Generation in vitro and in vivo, and Disturbed Tissue Factor Regulation in Patients with Acute Pancreatitis","volume":"11","author":"Lindstr\u00f6m","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pancreatology"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jth.14246","article-title":"Tissue factor at the crossroad of coagulation and cell signaling","volume":"16","author":"Zelaya","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Thromb Haemostasis"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v16.i48.6128","article-title":"Tissue factor in predicted severe acute pancreatitis","volume":"16","author":"Andersson","year":"2010","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00535-006-1806-1","article-title":"Elevation of plasma tissue factor levels in patients with severe acute pancreatitis","volume":"41","author":"Sawa","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2016.11.039","article-title":"Investigation for role of tissue factor and blood coagulation system in severe acute pancreatitis and associated liver injury","volume":"85","author":"Ou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2018-11-882993","article-title":"Thromboinflammation: challenges of therapeutically targeting coagulation and other host defense mechanisms","volume":"133","author":"Jackson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-001-1194-1","article-title":"Therapy of microcirculatory disorders in severe acute pancreatitis: what mediators should we block","volume":"28","author":"Eibl","year":"2002","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fluiddyn.2004.06.001","article-title":"A general solution of unsteady Stokes equations","volume":"35","author":"Venkatalaxmi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Fluid Dynamics Res"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.115.305996","article-title":"Tissue factor pathway inhibitor","volume":"36","author":"Mast","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis Vasc Biol"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00535-009-0096-9","article-title":"Plasma tissue factor pathway inhibitor levels in patients with acute pancreatitis","volume":"44","author":"Yasuda","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MOH.0000000000000416","article-title":"Endothelial cell protein C receptor-dependent signaling","volume":"25","author":"Pendurthi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Opin Hematol"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)68276-1","article-title":"Isolation of a membrane-bound cofactor for thrombin-catalyzed activation of protein C","volume":"257","author":"Esmon","year":"1982","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2017-12-768994","article-title":"Exploring traditional and nontraditional roles for thrombomodulin","volume":"132","author":"Loghmani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5858\/arpa.2017-0403-RS","article-title":"Protein C deficiency","volume":"143","author":"Dinarvand","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch Pathol Lab Med"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0300060516677929","article-title":"Antithrombin III and D-dimer levels as indicators of disease severity in patients with hyperlipidaemic or biliary acute pancreatitis","volume":"45","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Int Med Res"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00365513.2015.1084041","article-title":"Activated protein C retards recovery from coagulopathy in severe acute pancreatitis","volume":"10","author":"Lindstrom","year":"2006","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pan.2016.12.005","article-title":"Endothelial markers are associated with pancreatic necrosis and overall prognosis in acute pancreatitis: A preliminary cohort study","volume":"17","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pancreatology"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1160\/TH15-08-0687","article-title":"Antithrombin: anti-inflammatory properties and clinical applications","volume":"115","author":"Levi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Thromb Haemostasis"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtha.2022.11.032","article-title":"Communication from the Scientific Standardization Committees of the International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis on vascular endothelium-related biomarkers in disseminated intravascular coagulation","volume":"21","author":"Iba","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Thromb Haemostasis"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1186\/s40560-014-0051-6","article-title":"Efficacy of antithrombin in preclinical and clinical applications for sepsis-associated disseminated intravascular coagulation","volume":"2","author":"Iba","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Intensive Care"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000485613","article-title":"Higher thrombin-antithrombin III complex levels may indicate severe acute pancreatitis","volume":"36","author":"Fidan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dig Dis"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/s40560-015-0075-6","article-title":"Recent advances in disseminated intravascular coagulation: endothelial cells and fibrinolysis in sepsis-induced DIC","volume":"3","author":"Madoiwa","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Intensive Care"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(17)32279-2","article-title":"Induction of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in HepG2 human hepatoma cells by mediators of the acute phase response","volume":"269","author":"Healy","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V76.12.2520.2520","article-title":"Experimental endotoxemia in humans: analysis of cytokine release and coagulation, fibrinolytic, and complement pathways","volume":"76","author":"van Deventer","year":"1990","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000126361.00450.B1","article-title":"Thrombin activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor: Not just an inhibitor of fibrinolysis","volume":"32","author":"Bajzar","year":"2004","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jth.14525","article-title":"Physical proximity and functional cooperation of glycoprotein 130 and glycoprotein VI in platelet membrane lipid rafts","volume":"17","author":"Houck","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Thromb Haemostasis"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1076029613492875","article-title":"Thrombin generation mediators and markers in sepsis-associated coagulopathy and their modulation by recombinant thrombomodulin","volume":"20","author":"Hoppensteadt","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Appl Thrombosis\/Hemostasis"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2020-316914","article-title":"Antithrombotic therapy for patients with chronic coronary syndromes","volume":"107","author":"Parker","year":"2021","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10900","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms231810900","article-title":"The controversial role of LPS in platelet activation in vitro","volume":"23","author":"Galgano","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7997","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0802884","article-title":"Lipopolysaccharide Stimulates Platelet Secretion and Potentiates Platelet Aggregation via TLR4\/MyD88 and the cGMP-Dependent Protein Kinase Pathway","volume":"182","author":"Zhang","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/9605894","article-title":"Toll-like receptor 4 signalling and its impact on platelet function, thrombosis, and haemostasis","volume":"2017","author":"Vallance","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mediators Inflammation"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.111.244707","article-title":"Binding of oxidized low-density lipoprotein on circulating platelets is increased in patients with acute coronary syndromes and induces platelet adhesion to vascular wall in vivo\u2014Brief report","volume":"32","author":"Stellos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis Vasc Biol"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2013-11-540526","article-title":"Amplification of bacteria-induced platelet activation is triggered by Fc\u03b3RIIA, integrin \u03b1IIb\u03b23, and platelet factor 4","volume":"123","author":"Arman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1160\/TH03-03-0182","article-title":"Coagulopathy of sepsis","volume":"91","author":"Dempfle","year":"2017","journal-title":"Thromb Haemostasis"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/SHK.0000000000000473","article-title":"The endothelium in sepsis","volume":"45","author":"Ince","year":"2016","journal-title":"Shock"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2009.11.001","article-title":"Platelet polyphosphates are proinflammatory and procoagulant mediators in vivo","volume":"139","author":"M\u00fcller","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2362.1995.tb01694.x","article-title":"Platelet activation and interaction with leucocytes in patients with sepsis or multiple organ failure","volume":"25","author":"Gawaz","year":"1995","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.02400","article-title":"Platelets and intravascular immunity: guardians of the vascular space during bloodstream infections and sepsis","volume":"10","author":"McDonald","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1707","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines9111707","article-title":"Systematic review and meta-analysis of the effect of statins on circulating E-selectin, L-selectin, and P-selectin","volume":"9","author":"Zinellu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v26.i41.6361","article-title":"P-selectin glycoprotein ligand 1 deficiency prevents development of acute pancreatitis by attenuating leukocyte infiltration","volume":"26","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.300.3.729","article-title":"Role of inflammatory mediators in thrombogenesis","volume":"300","author":"Shebuski","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.109.200964","article-title":"Tissue factor\u2013bearing microparticles and thrombus formation","volume":"31","author":"Zwicker","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis Vasc Biol"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MPA.0000000000001009","article-title":"E and P selectins as potential markers in the assessment of the severity of acute pancreatitis","volume":"47","author":"Tsaroucha","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pancreas"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2018026294","article-title":"Endothelial signaling by neutrophil-released oncostatin M enhances P-selectin\u2013dependent inflammation and thrombosis","volume":"3","author":"Setiadi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Blood Adv"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.7775","article-title":"P-selectin mediates neutrophil rolling and recruitment in acute pancreatitis","volume":"99","author":"Hartman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.115.305378","article-title":"Endothelial PPAR-\u03b3 Protects against vascular thrombosis by downregulating P-selectin expression","volume":"35","author":"Jin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis Vasc Biol"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000212098","article-title":"P-selectin inhibition reduces severity of acute experimental pancreatitis","volume":"9","author":"Hackert","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pancreatology"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bvth.2024.100015","article-title":"Targeting the P-selectin\/PSGL-1 pathway: discovery of disease-modifying therapeutics for disorders of thromboinflammation","volume":"1","author":"Escopy","year":"2024","journal-title":"Blood Vessels Thromb Hemostasis"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41573-020-00093-1","article-title":"The clinical impact of glycobiology: targeting selectins, Siglecs and mammalian glycans","volume":"20","author":"Smith","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Rev Drug Discov"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2017.105","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular traps in immunity and disease","volume":"18","author":"Papayannopoulos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2012-06-437772","article-title":"Tissue factor\u2013positive neutrophils bind to injured endothelial wall and initiate thrombus formation","volume":"120","author":"Darbousset","year":"2012","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.3A0415-161R","article-title":"Mediators and molecular pathways involved in the regulation of neutrophil extracellular trap formation mediated by activated platelets","volume":"99","author":"Carestia","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Leukocyte Biol"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.116.307634","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular traps promote angiogenesis","volume":"36","author":"Aldabbous","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis Vasc Biol"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2019.00085","article-title":"Platelet-neutrophil interplay: insights into neutrophil extracellular trap (NET)-driven coagulation in infection","volume":"6","author":"Zucoloto","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Cardiovasc Med"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23031411","article-title":"Role of neutrophils and NETs in animal models of thrombosis","volume":"23","author":"Carminita","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1005743107","article-title":"Extracellular DNA traps promote thrombosis","volume":"107","author":"Fuchs","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.677902","article-title":"Tissue factor-enriched neutrophil extracellular traps promote immunothrombosis and disease progression in sepsis-induced lung injury","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.114.304114","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular traps promote thrombin generation through platelet-dependent and platelet-independent mechanisms","volume":"34","author":"Gould","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis Vasc Biol"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-22156-5","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular trap-microparticle complexes enhance thrombin generation via the intrinsic pathway of coagulation in mice","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2184","article-title":"Reciprocal coupling of coagulation and innate immunity via neutrophil serine proteases","volume":"16","author":"Massberg","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.201901363RRR","article-title":"DNA-bound elastase of neutrophil extracellular traps degrades plasminogen, reduces plasmin formation, and decreases fibrinolysis: proof of concept in septic shock plasma","volume":"33","author":"Cruz","year":"2019","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-7836.2011.04422.x","article-title":"Extracellular histones increase plasma thrombin generation by impairing thrombomodulin-dependent protein C activation","volume":"9","author":"Ammollo","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Thromb Haemostasis"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1920","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2015.08.026","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular traps induce trypsin activation, inflammation, and tissue damage in mice with severe acute pancreatitis","volume":"149","author":"Merza","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.129270","article-title":"Platelet IP6K1 regulates neutrophil extracellular trap-microparticle complex formation in acute pancreatitis","volume":"149","author":"Madhi","year":"2019","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2013-10-463646","article-title":"Thrombosis: tangled up in NETs","volume":"123","author":"Martinod","year":"2014","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1756284820974913","article-title":"Targeting neutrophil extracellular traps in severe acute pancreatitis treatment","volume":"13","author":"Hu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ther Adv Gastroenterol"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2023.02.001","article-title":"NETworking with cancer: The bidirectional interplay between cancer and neutrophil extracellular traps","volume":"41","author":"Adrover","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2023.06.007","article-title":"NET-targeted therapy: effects, limitations, and potential strategies to enhance treatment efficacy","volume":"44","author":"Bonilha","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol Sci"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00062.2021","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular traps in the pathology of cancer and other inflammatory diseases","volume":"103","author":"Herre","year":"2023","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2017.183","article-title":"Neutrophils and neutrophil extracellular traps in the liver and gastrointestinal system","volume":"15","author":"Honda","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.10538","article-title":"Accuracy of circulating histones in predicting persistent organ failure and mortality in patients with acute pancreatitis","volume":"104","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.2018.22.issue-10","article-title":"Biology, role and therapeutic potential of circulating histones in acute inflammatory disorders","volume":"22","author":"Szatmary","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Cell Mol Med"},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmrv.2019.08.004","article-title":"Complement and coagulation: cross talk through time","volume":"33","author":"Dzik","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transfusion Med Rev"},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MBC.0000000000000720","article-title":"Complement-coagulation connections","volume":"29","author":"Conway","year":"2018","journal-title":"Blood Coagulation Fibrinolysis"},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcla.23205","article-title":"The early predictive role of complement C3 and C4 in patients with acute pancreatitis","volume":"34","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Lab Anal"},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00015","article-title":"Complement in pancreatic disease\u2014Perpetrator or savior","volume":"8","author":"Bettac","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000513845","article-title":"Complement component 3 is required for tissue damage, neutrophil infiltration, and ensuring NET formation in acute pancreatitis","volume":"61","author":"Linders","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur Surg Res"},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.104.4.1243","article-title":"Thrombocytopenia in the intensive care unit","volume":"104","author":"Baughman","year":"1993","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1186\/s12959-016-0117-x","article-title":"Proposal for new diagnostic criteria for DIC from the Japanese Society on Thrombosis and Hemostasis","volume":"14","author":"Asakura","year":"2016","journal-title":"Thromb J"},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.2009.07600.x","article-title":"Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of disseminated intravascular coagulation","volume":"145","author":"Levi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-019-0989-x","article-title":"Serum D-dimer levels at admission for prediction of outcomes in acute pancreatitis","volume":"19","author":"Wan","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Gastroenterol"},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2015.11.031","article-title":"Harmonisation of D-dimer \u2014 A call for action","volume":"137","author":"Longstaff","year":"2016","journal-title":"Thromb Res"},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2022.08.005","article-title":"Identification of early derangements of coagulation, hematological and biochemical profiles in patients with acute pancreatitis","author":"Fan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Biochem"},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MPA.0000000000002124","article-title":"Diagnosis of disseminated intravascular coagulation in acute pancreatitis is still a challenge","volume":"51","author":"Masamune","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pancreas"},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.blre.2010.09.002","article-title":"DIC: Which laboratory tests are most useful","volume":"25","author":"Levi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Blood Rev"},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jth.13126","article-title":"A critical appraisal of point-of-care coagulation testing in critically ill patients","volume":"13","author":"Levi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000003122","article-title":"Sepsis-induced coagulopathy and disseminated intravascular coagulation","volume":"132","author":"Iba","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.blre.2010.09.002","article-title":"APCAP - activated protein C in acute pancreatitis a double-blind randomized human pilot trial","volume":"14","author":"Pettil\u00e4","year":"2010","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00365513.2015.1084041","article-title":"Activated protein C retards recovery from coagulopathy in severe acute pancreatitis","volume":"76","author":"Kyh\u00e4l\u00e4","year":"2015","journal-title":"Scandinavian J Clin Lab Invest"},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pan.2015.08.002","article-title":"Efficacy of recombinant human soluble thrombomodulin in preventing walled-off necrosis in severe acute pancreatitis patients","volume":"15","author":"Eguchi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pancreatology"},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5152\/TJAR.2019.42709","article-title":"Effectiveness of soluble recombinant human thrombomodulin in patients with severe acute pancreatitis complicated by disseminated intravascular coagulation","volume":"47","author":"Yano","year":"2019","journal-title":"Turkish J Anaesthesiol Reanimation"},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jhbp.v28.9","article-title":"Reducing the risk of developing walled-off necrosis in patients with acute necrotic collection using recombinant human soluble thrombomodulin","volume":"28","author":"Eguchi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Sci"},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/S1015-9584(09)60017-8","article-title":"Low molecular weight heparin in the treatment of severe acute pancreatitis: a multiple centre prospective clinical study","volume":"32","author":"Lu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Asian J Surg"},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2014.1694","article-title":"Effects of intensive insulin therapy combined with low molecular weight heparin anticoagulant therapy on severe pancreatitis","volume":"8","author":"Du","year":"2014","journal-title":"Exp Ther Med"},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5152\/tjg.2018.18583","article-title":"Low molecular weight heparin treatment of acute moderate and severe pancreatitis: A randomized, controlled,open-label study","volume":"30","author":"Tozlu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Turk J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.916192","article-title":"Clinical characteristics and risk factors for sinistral portal hypertension associated with moderate and severe acute pancreatitis: A seven-year single-center retrospective study","volume":"25","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med Sci Monitor"},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pan.2021.09.003","article-title":"Systemic anticoagulation is associated with decreased mortality and morbidity in acute pancreatitis","volume":"21","author":"Kr\u00f6ner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pancreatology"},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsu.2022.106621","article-title":"Impact of low-molecular-weight heparin in the treatment of moderately severe and severe acute pancreatitis; a randomized, single blind, phase 3 control trial","volume":"101","author":"Patil","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Surg"},{"key":"B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1477-2574.2011.00392.x","article-title":"Splanchnic vein thrombosis in severe acute pancreatitis: a 2-year, single-institution experience","volume":"13","author":"Gonzelez","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hpb"},{"key":"B137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MPA.0b013e3182968ff5","article-title":"Splanchnic vein thrombosis in acute pancreatitis a single-center experience","volume":"42","author":"Harris","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pancreas"},{"key":"B138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.09.068","article-title":"Portosplenomesenteric venous thrombosis in patients with acute pancreatitis is associated with pancreatic necrosis and usually has a benign course","volume":"12","author":"Easler","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"B139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2050640618764049","article-title":"Risk factors and outcomes of infected pancreatic necrosis: Retrospective cohort of 148 patients admitted to the ICU for acute pancreatitis","volume":"6","author":"Garret","year":"2018","journal-title":"United Eur Gastroenterol J"},{"key":"B140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11739-019-02271-5","article-title":"Anticoagulant therapy in the treatment of splanchnic vein thrombosis associated to acute pancreatitis: a 3-year single-centre experience","volume":"15","author":"Pagliari","year":"2020","journal-title":"Internal Emergency Med"},{"key":"B141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.14740\/gr1223","article-title":"Splanchnic venous thrombosis in acute pancreatitis: does anticoagulation affect outcome","volume":"13","author":"Junare","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Res"},{"key":"B142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MPA.0000000000002122","article-title":"Outcomes of anticoagulation in patients with splanchnic vein thrombosis from acute pancreatitis A population-based nationwide retrospective cohort study","volume":"51","author":"Saleh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pancreas"},{"key":"B143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hpb.2022.06.003","article-title":"A selective anticoagulation policy for splanchnic vein thrombosis in acute pancreatitis is associated with favourable outcomes: experience from a UK tertiary referral centre","volume":"24","author":"Thejasvin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hpb"},{"key":"B144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2023.04.026","article-title":"Determinants and impact of splanchnic vein thrombosis in acute pancreatitis","volume":"55","author":"Oy\u00f3n","year":"2023","journal-title":"Digest Liver Dis"},{"key":"B145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00423-024-03295-y","article-title":"A retrospective multicentre clinical study on management of isolated splenic vein thrombosis: risks and benefits of anticoagulation","volume":"409","author":"Eltweri","year":"2024","journal-title":"Langenbeck\u2019s Arch Surg"},{"key":"B146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000002645","article-title":"American college of gastroenterology guidelines: management of acute pancreatitis","volume":"119","author":"Tenner","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"B147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5152\/tjg.2018.18583","article-title":"Predictive factors of splanchnic vein thrombosis in acute pancreatitis: A 6-year single-center experience","volume":"16","author":"Toqu\u00e9","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Digest Dis"},{"key":"B148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ans.v93.10","article-title":"Splanchnic vein thrombosis in acute pancreatitis: a review of treatment indications, methods, and outcomes in a single institution","volume":"93","author":"Wilson","year":"2023","journal-title":"ANZ J Surg"},{"key":"B149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/SHK.0000000000000946","article-title":"Antithrombin III attenuates AKI following acute severe pancreatitis","volume":"49","author":"Kong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Shock"},{"key":"B150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.v234.7","article-title":"Targeting peptidylarginine deiminase reduces neutrophil extracellular trap formation and tissue injury in severe acute pancreatitis","volume":"234","author":"Madhi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Cell Physiol"},{"key":"B151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00028","article-title":"Enhanced neutrophil extracellular trap formation in acute pancreatitis contributes to disease severity and is reduced by chloroquine","volume":"10","author":"Murthy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Immunol"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1477160\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,31]],"date-time":"2024-10-31T00:41:19Z","timestamp":1730335279000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1477160\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,31]]},"references-count":151,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1477160"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1477160","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,31]]},"article-number":"1477160"}}