{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T15:34:25Z","timestamp":1790091265577,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,18]],"date-time":"2024-11-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1731888000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study aimed to identify immune states associated with a high risk of preterm birth by immunophenotyping in pregnant populations, and to elucidate the characteristics of immune subtypes and their relationships with preterm birth. Additionally, it sought to uncover the microbial composition and functional characteristics of immune states linked to preterm birth, and to evaluate the impact of bacterial interactions on the initiation of preterm birth.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Utilizing 16S rRNA sequencing data and local immune factor expression data from a publicly available longitudinal pregnancy cohort, we conducted immunophenotyping through unsupervised clustering of the immune factors. We compared the differences in vaginal microbiota richness, diversity, and composition between identified immune subtypes using \u03b1 and \u03b2 diversity analysis. Signature microbiotas were identified using LEfSe analysis, and functional pathway enrichment variations were analyzed using PICRUSt2. Bidirectional mediation analysis was employed to construct a network of mediating roles, and preliminary <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> validation of the Microbial-Cytokine-Preterm Birth pathway was performed to explore the effects of microbial and immune characteristics on vaginal epithelial cell function.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Pregnant women were categorized into three immune subtypes based on local immune status. Microbial functional analysis identified 31 distinct functional pathways, six of which were downregulated in the preterm birth and excessive inflammatory response group. Significant differences in vaginal microbial diversity and composition were observed among pregnant women with different immune subtypes. Bidirectional mediation analysis revealed multiple intermediary roles in preterm birth, highlighting C3b\/iC3b and IL-8 in mid-pregnancy and IgE and IgM in late pregnancy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study classified pregnant women into three immune subtypes, with the excessive inflammatory response subtype showing a higher predisposition to preterm birth. Mid-pregnancy immune status emerged as a key indicator of preterm birth risk, associated with the vaginal microbiome composition. Microorganisms affected the occurrence of preterm birth by modulating immune factor levels, with time-specific mediation roles observed. <jats:italic>Lactobacillus crispatus<\/jats:italic> demonstrated potential in protecting against preterm birth by modulating vaginal immune status.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1481611","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,18]],"date-time":"2024-11-18T06:12:06Z","timestamp":1731910326000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Modulation of local immunity by the vaginal microbiome is associated with triggering spontaneous preterm 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