{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T02:30:57Z","timestamp":1789525857603,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,26]],"date-time":"2024-11-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732579200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cancer peptide vaccination represents a promising therapeutic approach, but has been hampered by lack of suitable antigens and restricted applicability due to different HLA backgrounds of individual patients. We here introduce a novel warehouse-based concept for composition of personalized peptide vaccines and report on its successful application in a Phase II clinical trial in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) after first-line therapy. 26 CLL patients in at least partial remission (PR) after 6 months of immuno-chemotherapy were vaccinated with a personalized vaccine compiled from a premanufactured peptide warehouse comprising immunopeptidome-defined CLL-associated peptides. Primary objective was evaluation of immunogenicity, secondary objectives were safety and minimal residual disease (MRD) response. Immunopeptidome-guided vaccine composition was throughout successful, proving the feasibility of warehouse-based vaccine design. Vaccination was well tolerated, with local injection site reactions being the most common adverse event. Only few patients showed vaccine-induced T cell responses, attributable to their inability to mount strong immune responses due to immune-chemotherapy and lack of potent adjuvant formulations. Both issues are addressed within a follow-up trial (NCT04688385), combining the immunopeptidome-guided warehouse-based vaccine design reported here with a potent novel adjuvant evaluating personalized multi- peptide vaccination in CLL patients under T cell supportive BTK inhibitor therapies.<\/jats:p><jats:sec><jats:title>Clinical trial registration<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:uri>www.clinicaltrialsregister.eu<\/jats:uri>, identifier NCT02802943.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1482715","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,26]],"date-time":"2024-11-26T05:11:05Z","timestamp":1732597865000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Warehouse-based, immunopeptidome-guided design of personalised peptide vaccines shows feasibility in clinical trial evaluation in CLL patients"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Jonas 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