{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T09:47:55Z","timestamp":1772790475506,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,1]],"date-time":"2024-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730419200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Snakehead vesiculovirus<\/jats:italic> (SHVV) has led to huge economic losses in snakehead aquaculture, and its pathogenic mechanisms is still not fully understood. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), as an important class of non-coding RNAs, play a key regulatory role in the process of viral infection.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We examined the effect of SHVV infection on the expression of miR-130c-5p and the effect of overexpression of miR-130c-5p on the proliferation of SHVV. Cotransfection of viral N protein and miR-130c-5p, and the effect of miR-130c-5p on the expression of N protein was detected. Meanwhile, the effect of overexpression of miR-130c-5p on the expression of various immune factors in the case of viral infection were also tested.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>In this study, SHVV infection significantly upregulated the expression of miR-130c-5p in channel catfish ovary (CCO) cells in a time- and dose-dependent manner. The further research revealed that miR-130c-5p mimic significantly inhibited, while its inhibitors promoted SHVV replication. In addition, miR-130c-5p could directly target the viral mRNA of <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> gene, and overexpression of miR-130c-5p could significantly decrease, and conversely, downregulation of miR-130c-5p could increase the mRNA and protein expression of the viral n gene. Meanwhile, overexpression of miR-130c-5p also upregulated the expression of immune-related genes, such as nucleotide-oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptor subfamily C3 (NLRC3), myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88), nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-\u03baB), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-22 (IL-22), and interleukin-1beta (IL-1\u03b2) in host cells.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>miR-130c-5p was upregulated in the host during SHVV infection, and the upregulated miR-130c-5p directly inhibited viral replication by targeting the <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> gene of SHVV and promoting viral nucleoprotein degradation. The up-regulated miR-130c-5p also activated the expression of immune-related genes such as NLRC3, MyD88, NF-\u03baB, IL-6, IL-22, and IL-1\u03b2, which were involved in the regulation of the signaling pathways including NF-\u03baB, MyD88, Toll-like receptor (TLR), NLR, and janus tyrosine kinase-signal converter and activator of transcription (JAK-STAT), to enhance the host's antiviral immune response, and thus indirectly inhibited the viral proliferation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1486816","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,1]],"date-time":"2024-11-01T04:44:59Z","timestamp":1730436299000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["MiR-130c-5p targets the SHVV n gene and upregulates immune cytokines (IL-6, IL-22, IL-1\u03b2) to inhibit viral 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