{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T01:43:39Z","timestamp":1783561419266,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":93,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,2]],"date-time":"2024-12-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733097600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>During intestinal and liver invasion by the protozoan parasite <jats:italic>Entamoeba histolytica<\/jats:italic>, extensive tissue destruction linked to large neutrophil infiltrates is observed. It has been proposed that microbicidal components of neutrophils are responsible for the damage, however, the mechanism by which they are released and act in the extracellular space remains unknown. In previous studies, we have shown that <jats:italic>E. histolytica<\/jats:italic> trophozoites induce NET formation, leading to the release of neutrophil granule content into extruded DNA. In this work, we evaluate the possible participation of NETs in the development of amoeba-associated pathology and analyze the contribution of anti-microbial components of the associated granules. <jats:italic>E. histolytica-<\/jats:italic>induced NETs were isolated and their effect on the viability and integrity of HCT 116 colonic and Hep G2 liver cultures were evaluated. The results showed that simple incubation of cell monolayers with purified NETs for 24\u00a0h resulted in cell detachment and death in a dose-dependent manner. The effect was thermolabile and correlated with the amount of DNA and protein present in NETs. Pretreatment of NETs with specific inhibitors of some microbicidal components suggested that serine proteases, are mostly responsible for the damage caused by NETs on HCT 116 cells, while the MPO activity was the most related to Hep G2 cells damage. Our study also points to a very important role of DNA as a scaffold for the activity of these proteins. We show evidence of the development of NETs in amoebic liver abscesses in hamsters as a preamble to evaluate their participation in tissue damage. In conclusion, these studies demonstrate that amoebic-induced NETs have potent cytotoxic effects on target cells and, therefore, may be responsible for the intense damage associated with tissue invasion by this parasite.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1493946","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,2]],"date-time":"2024-12-02T06:23:55Z","timestamp":1733120635000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Entamoeba histolytica-induced NETs are highly cytotoxic on hepatic and colonic cells due to serine proteases and myeloperoxidase activities"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Fabian","family":"Jorge-Rosas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C\u00e9sar","family":"D\u00edaz-God\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel","family":"Garc\u00eda-Aguirre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Santiago","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Calvillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julio C\u00e9sar","family":"Carrero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2019.151358","article-title":"Intestinal amoebiasis: 160 years of its first detection and still remains as a health problem in developing countries","volume":"310","author":"Carrero","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2022.08.013","article-title":"Updates on the worldwide burden of amoebiasis: A case series and literature review","volume":"15","author":"Nasrallah","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Infect Public Health"},{"key":"B3","article-title":"Bridging the innovation gap for neglected tropical diseases in Mexico: capacity building for the development of a new generation of antipoverty vaccines","volume":"2","author":"Bottazzi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bol Med Hosp Infant Mex"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2023.110100","article-title":"Entamoeba histolytica induced NETosis and the dual role of NETs in amoebiasis","volume":"118","author":"Roy","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006513","article-title":"Microbiome-mediated neutrophil recruitment via CXCR2 and protection from amebic colitis","volume":"13","author":"Watanabe","year":"2017","journal-title":"PloS Pathog"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3024.1998.00128.x","article-title":"Role of neutrophils in innate resistance to Entamoeba histolytica liver infection in mice","volume":"20","author":"Velazquez","year":"1998","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol"},{"key":"B7","first-page":"112","article-title":"Inflammatory reaction in experimental hepatic amebiasis an ultrastructural study","volume":"130","author":"Tsutsumi","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"B8","first-page":"81","article-title":"Cellular bases of experimental amebic liver abscess formation","volume":"117","author":"Tsutsumi","year":"1984","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexmp.2006.09.005","article-title":"Late experimental amebic liver abscess in hamster is inhibited by cyclosporine and N-acetylcysteine","volume":"82","author":"Olivos-Garc\u00eda","year":"2007","journal-title":"Exp Mol Pathol"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3024.2010.01275.x","article-title":"Myeloperoxidase binds to and kills Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites","volume":"33","author":"Pacheco-Y\u00e9pez","year":"2011","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/BSR20180850","article-title":"Synthetic bovine lactoferrin peptide Lfampin kills Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites by necrosis and resolves amoebic intracecal infection in mice","volume":"39","author":"D\u00edaz-God\u00ednez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biosci Rep"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jlb.46.3.270","article-title":"Human neutrophils activated by interferon-\u03b3 and tumour necrosis factor-\u03b1 Kill Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites in vitro","volume":"46","author":"Denis","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Leukoc Biol"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0158979","article-title":"Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites and lipopeptidophosphoglycan trigger human neutrophil extracellular traps","volume":"11","author":"\u00c1vila","year":"2016","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/JLB.MA0818-309RRR","article-title":"Pathogenic Entamoeba histolytica, but not Entamoeba dispar, induce neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation","volume":"105","author":"Fonseca","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Leukoc Biol"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1092385","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular traps kill bacteria","volume":"303","author":"Brinkmann","year":"2004","journal-title":"Sci (1979)"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pim.12332","article-title":"Entamoeba histolytica induces human neutrophils to form NET s","volume":"38","author":"Ventura-Juarez","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2018.00226","article-title":"Entamoeba histolytica Induce Signaling via Raf\/MEK\/ERK for Neutrophil Extracellular Trap (NET) Formation","volume":"8","author":"Fonseca","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2018.00184","article-title":"Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites induce a rapid non-classical NETosis mechanism independent of NOX2-derived reactive oxygen species and PAD4 activity","volume":"8","author":"D\u00edaz-God\u00ednez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pim.12714","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular traps and MPO in models of susceptibility and resistance against","volume":"42","author":"Contis Montes de Oca","year":"2020","journal-title":"Entamoeba histolytica Parasite Immunol"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2009-05-221606","article-title":"Restoration of NET formation by gene therapy in CGD controls aspergillosis","volume":"114","author":"Bianchi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20100239","article-title":"PAD4 is essential for antibacterial innate immunity mediated by neutrophil extracellular traps","volume":"207","author":"Li","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2987","article-title":"Neutrophils sense microbe size and selectively release neutrophil extracellular traps in response to large pathogens","volume":"15","author":"Branzk","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.770246","article-title":"The state of art of extracellular traps in protozoan infections (Review)","volume":"12","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/BSR20180916","article-title":"The state of art of neutrophil extracellular traps in protozoan and helminthic infections","volume":"39","author":"D\u00edaz-God\u00ednez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biosci Rep"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0900226106","article-title":"Leishmania amazonensis promastigotes induce and are killed by neutrophil extracellular traps","volume":"106","author":"Guimar\u00e3es-Costa","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0133063","article-title":"Are neutrophil extracellular traps playing a role in the parasite control in active american tegumentary leishmaniasis lesions","volume":"10","author":"Morgado","year":"2015","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-022-07475-x","article-title":"Trichomonas vaginalis triggers neutrophil extracellular traps reducing parasite integrity and growth","volume":"121","author":"Ram\u00edrez-Ledesma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.05730-11","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii triggers release of human and mouse neutrophil extracellular traps","volume":"80","author":"Abi Abdallah","year":"2012","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvab329","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular traps: from physiology to pathology","volume":"118","author":"Hidalgo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2017.105","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular traps in immunity and disease","volume":"18","author":"Papayannopoulos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24054896","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of neutrophil extracellular trap (NETs) degradation","volume":"24","author":"Demkow","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.33696\/immunology.1.008","article-title":"The role of NETosis in systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"1","author":"Salemme","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Cell Immunol"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.578129","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular traps tied to rheumatoid arthritis: points to ponder","volume":"11","author":"Song","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0148142","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular traps induce organ damage during experimental and clinical sepsis","volume":"11","author":"Czaikoski","year":"2016","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.913028","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular traps in Candida albicans infection","volume":"13","author":"He","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2021.108516","article-title":"Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs) and Covid-19: A new frontiers for therapeutic modality","volume":"104","author":"Al-Kuraishy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-7-41","article-title":"Cytokine-associated neutrophil extracellular traps and antinuclear antibodies in Plasmodium falciparum infected children under six years of age","volume":"7","author":"Baker","year":"2008","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1994","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiy661","article-title":"Circulating neutrophil extracellular traps and neutrophil activation are increased in proportion to disease severity in human malaria","volume":"219","author":"Kho","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biology8040078","article-title":"Histone H2A and Bovine Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Induce Damage of Besnoitia besnoiti-Infected Host Endothelial Cells but Fail to Affect Total Parasite Proliferation","volume":"8","author":"Conejeros","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biol (Basel)"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2022.2158656","article-title":"Pathogenicity and virulence of Entamoeba histolytica, the agent of amoebiasis","volume":"14","author":"Guill\u00e9n","year":"2023","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.1018314","article-title":"Immunomodulatory effect of extracellular vesicles from Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites: Regulation of NETs and respiratory burst during confrontation with human neutrophils","volume":"12","author":"D\u00edaz-God\u00ednez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3791\/50410","article-title":"A simple and efficient method to detect nuclear factor activation in human neutrophils by flow cytometry","author":"Garc\u00eda-Garc\u00eda","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Visualized Experiments"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3791\/52687","article-title":"Simplified human neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) isolation and handling","author":"Najmeh","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Visualized Experiments"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1550-7408.1985.tb03033.x","article-title":"Structural bases of the cytolytic mechanisms of Entamoeba histolytica1","volume":"32","author":"Martinez-Palomo","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Protozool"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI110377","article-title":"Role of adherence in cytopathogenic mechanisms of Entamoeba histolytica","volume":"68","author":"Ravdin","year":"1981","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.148.5.1137","article-title":"Surface properties of Entamoeba: increased rates of human erythrocyte phagocytosis in pathogenic strains","volume":"148","author":"Trissl","year":"1978","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00068-19","article-title":"Trogocytosis by Entamoeba histolytica mediates acquisition and display of human cell membrane proteins and evasion of lysis by human serum","volume":"10","author":"Miller","year":"2019","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.1999.01500.x","article-title":"Entamoeba histolytica: a novel cysteine protease and an adhesin form the 112\u2003kDa surface protein","volume":"33","author":"Garc\u00eda-Rivera","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mol Microbiol"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mmi.14657","article-title":"Signals and signal transduction pathways in Entamoeba histolytica during the life cycle and when interacting with bacteria or human cells","volume":"115","author":"Guillen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol Microbiol"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/s1678-9946202062064","article-title":"Interaction between human mucins and parasite glycoproteins: the role of lectins and glycosidases in colonization by intestinal protozoa","volume":"62","author":"Mart\u00ednez-Oca\u00f1a","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4894(88)90074-4","article-title":"Entamoeba histolytica: Role of amebic proteinases and polymorphonuclear leukocytes in acute experimental amebiasis in the rat","volume":"67","author":"Becker","year":"1988","journal-title":"Exp Parasitol"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000551","article-title":"An ex-vivo Human Intestinal Model to Study Entamoeba histolytica Pathogenesis","volume":"3","author":"Bansal","year":"2009","journal-title":"PloS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3001201","article-title":"Netting neutrophils are major inducers of type I IFN production in pediatric systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"3","author":"Garcia-Romo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1800314","article-title":"Role of Peptidylarginine Deiminase 4 in Neutrophil Extracellular Trap Formation and Host Defense during Klebsiella pneumoniae\u2013 Induced Pneumonia-Derived Sepsis","volume":"201","author":"Claushuis","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00139813","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular traps in bronchial aspirates: a quantitative analysis","volume":"43","author":"Hamaguchi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6673","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms7673","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of NET formation and degradation revealed by intravital imaging in the liver vasculature","volume":"6","author":"Kolaczkowska","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1103771","article-title":"Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Entrap and Kill Borrelia burgdorferi Sensu Stricto Spirochetes and Are Not Affected by Ixodes ricinus Tick Saliva","volume":"189","author":"Menten-Dedoyart","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000873","article-title":"Production of Extracellular Traps against Aspergillus fumigatus In Vitro and in Infected Lung Tissue Is Dependent on Invading Neutrophils and Influenced by Hydrophobin RodA","volume":"6","author":"Bruns","year":"2010","journal-title":"PloS Pathog"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2011.03.013","article-title":"Excessive neutrophils and neutrophil extracellular traps contribute to acute lung injury of influenza pneumonitis","volume":"179","author":"Narasaraju","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/path.4660","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular traps cause airway obstruction during respiratory syncytial virus disease","volume":"238","author":"Cortjens","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Pathol"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1004929","article-title":"Rapid sequestration of Leishmania mexicana by neutrophils contributes to the development of chronic lesion","volume":"11","author":"Hurrell","year":"2015","journal-title":"PloS Pathog"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2014.02.012","article-title":"Extracellular traps are associated with human and mouse neutrophil and macrophage mediated killing of larval","volume":"16","author":"Bonne-Ann\u00e9e","year":"2014","journal-title":"Strongyloides stercoralis Microbes Infect"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.39296","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular trap mitochondrial DNA and its autoantibody in systemic lupus erythematosus and a proof-of-concept trial of metformin","volume":"67","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1100450","article-title":"Netting neutrophils induce endothelial damage, infiltrate tissues, and expose immunostimulatory molecules in systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"187","author":"Villanueva","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2018.01.013","article-title":"Excessive neutrophil extracellular trap formation in ANCA-associated vasculitis is independent of ANCA","volume":"94","author":"Kraaij","year":"2018","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201646542","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular traps exacerbate Th1-mediated autoimmune responses in rheumatoid arthritis by promoting DC maturation","volume":"46","author":"Papadaki","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nchembio.496","article-title":"Activation of the Raf-MEK-ERK pathway is required for neutrophil extracellular trap formation","volume":"7","author":"Hakkim","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat Chem Biol"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10060974","article-title":"New insights on NETosis induced by Entamoeba histolytica: dependence on ROS from amoebas and extracellular MPO activity","volume":"10","author":"D\u00edaz-God\u00ednez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/154.1.19","article-title":"The interaction of human neutrophils and Entamoeba histolytica increases cytopathogenicity for liver cell monolayers","volume":"154","author":"Salata","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izac256","article-title":"Histones of neutrophil extracellular traps directly disrupt the permeability and integrity of the intestinal epithelial barrier","volume":"29","author":"Lai","year":"2023","journal-title":"Inflammation Bowel Dis"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cpr.13538","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular traps aggravate intestinal epithelial necroptosis in ischaemia\u2013reperfusion by regulating TLR4 \/ RIPK3 \/ FUNDC1 -required mitophagy","volume":"57","author":"Chu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Prolif"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/HC9.0000000000000513","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular traps induce intrahepatic thrombotic tendency and liver damage in cholestatic liver disease","volume":"8","author":"Yu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Hepatol Commun"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.200606027","article-title":"Novel cell death program leads to neutrophil extracellular traps","volume":"176","author":"Fuchs","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Cell Biol"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/cdd.2009.96","article-title":"Viable neutrophils release mitochondrial DNA to form neutrophil extracellular traps","volume":"16","author":"Yousefi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C6NR03416K","article-title":"The architecture of neutrophil extracellular traps investigated by atomic force microscopy","volume":"8","author":"Pires","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0218946","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular traps (NET) induced by different stimuli: A comparative proteomic analysis","volume":"14","author":"Petretto","year":"2019","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000639","article-title":"Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Contain Calprotectin, a Cytosolic Protein Complex Involved in Host Defense against Candida albicans","volume":"5","author":"Urban","year":"2009","journal-title":"PloS Pathog"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep24708","article-title":"Elastase levels and activity are increased in dystrophic muscle and impair myoblast cell survival, proliferation and differentiation","volume":"6","author":"Arecco","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.117.309002","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular traps drive endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition","volume":"37","author":"Pieterse","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00050-12","article-title":"Afa\/dr diffusely adhering Escherichia coli strain C1845 induces neutrophil extracellular traps that kill bacteria and damage human enterocyte-like cells","volume":"80","author":"Marin-Esteban","year":"2012","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0032366","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular traps directly induce epithelial and endothelial cell death: A predominant role of histones","volume":"7","author":"Saffarzadeh","year":"2012","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201206-1037OC","article-title":"Circulating histones are mediators of trauma-associated lung injury","volume":"187","author":"Abrams","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/cddis.2017.52","article-title":"The role of extracellular histone in organ injury","volume":"8","author":"Silk","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2015.10.398","article-title":"Neutrophil NET formation is regulated from the inside by myeloperoxidase-processed reactive oxygen species","volume":"89","author":"Bj\u00f6rnsdottir","year":"2015","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107685","article-title":"Myeloperoxidase: Mechanisms, reactions and inhibition as a therapeutic strategy in inflammatory diseases","volume":"218","author":"Davies","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12091653","article-title":"Oxidative stress in liver pathophysiology and disease","volume":"12","author":"Allameh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2013.5619","article-title":"Role of NADPH oxidases in liver fibrosis","volume":"20","author":"Paik","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antioxid Redox Signal"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1042\/BJ20081386","article-title":"How mitochondria produce reactive oxygen species","volume":"417","author":"Murphy","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biochem J"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/biof.48","article-title":"Reactive oxygen species and peroxisomes: Struggling for balance","volume":"35","author":"Bonekamp","year":"2009","journal-title":"BioFactors"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2017.01.023","article-title":"Lipid oxidation products in the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"111","author":"Bellanti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/3527579","article-title":"Xanthine oxidoreductase-derived reactive species: physiological and pathological effects","volume":"2016","author":"Battelli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oxid Med Cell Longev"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2014.06.044","article-title":"A myeloperoxidase-containing complex regulates neutrophil elastase release and actin dynamics during NETosis","volume":"8","author":"Metzler","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9092079","article-title":"On neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) removal: what we know thus far and why so little","volume":"9","author":"Santocki","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cells"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1493946\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,2]],"date-time":"2024-12-02T06:24:00Z","timestamp":1733120640000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1493946\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,2]]},"references-count":93,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1493946"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1493946","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,2]]},"article-number":"1493946"}}