{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,18]],"date-time":"2026-07-18T13:47:44Z","timestamp":1784382464071,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,20]],"date-time":"2025-01-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737331200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Swine brucellosis, caused by <jats:italic>Brucella suis<\/jats:italic>, is a worldwide infectious zoonotic disease. Currently, there are no available human or porcine vaccines to protect against <jats:italic>B. suis<\/jats:italic> infection, which is primarily acquired through the mucosa. We recently described <jats:italic>B. suis<\/jats:italic> MapB, the homologous protein of TamB, the inner membrane component of the TAM system. Our findings indicate that MapB is involved in bacterial cell envelope homeostasis. In this study, we characterize the outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) of <jats:italic>B. suis<\/jats:italic> 1330 (wt) and those of <jats:italic>B. suis<\/jats:italic> \u0394<jats:italic>mapB<\/jats:italic> (\u0394<jats:italic>mapB<\/jats:italic>) mutant strain and evaluate their vaccine potential in mice.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>OMVs were isolated using the ultracentrifugation method and characterized through electron microscopy, Dynamic Light Scattering, SDS-PAGE and proteomics. Immunogenicity was assessed by intramuscular immunization of mice with wt OMVs or \u0394<jats:italic>mapB<\/jats:italic> OMVs, followed by the measurement of antigen-specific antibody levels and functional assays to evaluate the protective capacity of the antibodies. Cellular immunity was assessed by characterizing cytokine secretion through ELISA after <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> stimulation of spleen cells with heat-killed <jats:italic>B. suis<\/jats:italic>. To determine the level of protection conferred by immunization, mice were challenged with virulent <jats:italic>B. suis<\/jats:italic> via intraperitoneal or intratracheal routes, and the bacterial load was quantified post-challenge.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Dynamic Light Scattering of the OMVs from both strains revealed the presence of spherical structures of 90-130 nm. Proteomic analysis identified 94 and 95 proteins in the wt and \u0394<jats:italic>mapB<\/jats:italic> OMVs, respectively, including several known <jats:italic>Brucella<\/jats:italic> immunogens. Both OMVs showed immunoreactivity with sera from <jats:italic>Brucella<\/jats:italic>-infected pigs. Intramuscular immunization of mice with both OMVs induced antigen-specific IgG in serum, with the \u0394<jats:italic>mapB<\/jats:italic> OMVs group showing higher titers compared to the wt OMVs group. Serum antibodies from both OMVs groups reduced <jats:italic>B. suis<\/jats:italic> adherence and invasion of lung epithelial cells and enhanced its phagocytosis by macrophages. Upon <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> antigen stimulation, spleen cells from mice immunized with \u0394<jats:italic>mapB<\/jats:italic> OMVs secreted higher levels of interleukin-17 and especially gamma interferon compared to cells from mice immunized with wt OMVs, suggesting the induction of a stronger T helper 1 response in the \u0394<jats:italic>mapB<\/jats:italic> OMVs group. While immunization with both wt and \u0394<jats:italic>mapB<\/jats:italic> OMVs achieved the same level of protection following intratracheal infection with <jats:italic>B. suis<\/jats:italic> (p&amp;lt;0.01), immunization with \u0394<jats:italic>mapB<\/jats:italic> OMVs provided higher levels of protection against intraperitoneal infection.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Overall, these results demonstrate that the <jats:italic>B. suis<\/jats:italic> \u0394<jats:italic>mapB<\/jats:italic> OMVs are immunogenic and capable of inducing both cellular and humoral immune responses that protect against mucosal and systemic <jats:italic>B. suis<\/jats:italic> challenges.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1501791","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,20]],"date-time":"2025-01-20T05:24:35Z","timestamp":1737350675000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Brucella suis \u0394mapB outer membrane vesicles as an acellular vaccine against systemic and mucosal B. suis infection"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Florencia Mu\u00f1oz","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magali G.","family":"Bialer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria L.","family":"Cerutti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia M.","family":"Estein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lila Y.","family":"Ramis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pablo C.","family":"Baldi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00c1ngeles","family":"Zorreguieta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariana C.","family":"Ferrero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra050570","article-title":"Brucellosis","volume":"352","author":"Pappas","year":"2005","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/ijs.0.65269-0","article-title":"Brucella ceti sp. nov. and Brucella pinnipedialis sp. nov. for Brucella strains with cetaceans and seals as their preferred hosts","volume":"57","author":"Foster","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int J Syst Evol Microbiol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2011.04.007","article-title":"Brucellosis at the animal\/ecosystem\/human interface at the beginning of the 21st century","volume":"102","author":"Godfroid","year":"2011","journal-title":"Prev Vet Med"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/ijs.0.65356-0","article-title":"Brucella microti sp. nov., isolated from the common vole Microtus arvalis","volume":"58","author":"Scholz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Syst Evol Microbiol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/ijsem.0.000998","article-title":"Brucella vulpis sp. 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