{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T13:43:18Z","timestamp":1793454198391,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":174,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,5]],"date-time":"2024-12-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733356800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>The discovery of autoantibodies directed against muscle-specific kinase (MuSK) in \u201cseronegative\u201d myasthenia gravis (MG) patients marked a milestone in MG research. In healthy muscle, MuSK regulates a phosphorylation pathway, which is essential for the development and maintenance of acetylcholine receptor (AChR) clusters at the neuromuscular junction. Autoantibodies directed against MuSK are predominantly of the IgG4 subclass, but there is increasing evidence that IgG1-3 could also contribute to the pathology underlying MuSK-MG. MuSK-IgG4 are monovalent and block the binding site for LRP4 on MuSK, thereby inhibiting the downstream phosphorylation pathway and compromising the formation of AChR clusters. Clinically, MuSK-MG is commonly associated with the predominant involvement of bulbar, facial, shoulder and neck muscles. Cholinesterase inhibitors should be avoided in MuSK-MG due to the risk of clinical impairment and cholinergic crisis. Corticosteroids and other non-steroidal immunosuppressants are less effective with the need for higher doses and prolonged treatment. Rituximab, by contrast, has been shown to be particularly effective and is now often used early in the disease course. Its use is associated with a significant improvement in the clinical outcome of MuSK-MG patients over time. This review aims to describe the pathophysiology underlying MuSK-MG and provide a comprehensive overview of the clinical features and therapeutic options.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1502480","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,5]],"date-time":"2024-12-05T00:11:20Z","timestamp":1733357480000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["A clinical perspective on muscle specific kinase antibody positive myasthenia gravis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Omar","family":"Keritam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angela","family":"Vincent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fritz","family":"Zimprich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hakan","family":"Cetin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01665294","article-title":"Ueber einen scheinbar heilbaren bulb\u00e4rparalytischen Symptomen complex mit Betheiligung der Extremitaten","volume":"4","author":"Goldflam","year":"1893","journal-title":"Dtsch Z Nervenheilk"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02666475","article-title":"Zur Casuistik der bulb\u00e4ren L\u00e4hmungen","volume":"9","author":"Erb","year":"1879","journal-title":"Archiv f Psychiatrie"},{"key":"B3","volume-title":"De Anima Brutorum","author":"Willis","year":"1672"},{"key":"B4","first-page":"1","article-title":"\u00dcber myasthenia gravis pseudoparalytica","volume":"32","author":"Jolly","year":"1895","journal-title":"Berl Klin Wochenschr"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.26.11.1054","article-title":"Antibody to acetylcholine receptor in myasthenia gravis. Prevalence, clinical correlates, and diagnostic value","volume":"26","author":"Lindstrom","year":"1976","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/85520","article-title":"Auto-antibodies to the receptor tyrosine kinase MuSK in patients with myasthenia gravis without acetylcholine receptor antibodies","volume":"7","author":"Hoch","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/003693306000501001","article-title":"Myasthenia gravis: A new hypothesis","volume":"5","author":"Simpson","year":"1960","journal-title":"Scottish Med J"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2020.00660","article-title":"MuSK-associated myasthenia gravis: clinical features and management","volume":"11","author":"Rodolico","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2022.879261","article-title":"Clinical features of myasthenia gravis with antibodies to MuSK based on age at onset: A multicenter retrospective study in China","volume":"13","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.22006","article-title":"Anti-MuSK antibody myasthenia gravis: clinical findings and response to treatment in two large cohorts","volume":"44","author":"Guptill","year":"2011","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000065882.63904.53","article-title":"Clinical aspects of MuSK antibody positive seronegative MG","volume":"60","author":"Sanders","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awg223","article-title":"Clinical correlates with anti-MuSK antibodies in generalized seronegative myasthenia gravis","volume":"126","author":"Evoli","year":"2003","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.21533","article-title":"Clinical findings in MuSK-antibody positive myasthenia gravis: a U.S. experience","volume":"41","author":"Pasnoor","year":"2010","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1196\/nyas.2008.1132.issue-1","article-title":"Clinical phenotype of muscle-specific tyrosine kinase-antibody-positive myasthenia gravis","volume":"1132","author":"Wolfe","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.20069","article-title":"Clinical comparison of muscle-specific tyrosine kinase (MuSK) antibody-positive and -negative myasthenic patients","volume":"30","author":"Zhou","year":"2004","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awl095","article-title":"MRI and clinical studies of facial and bulbar muscle involvement in MuSK antibody-associated myasthenia gravis","volume":"129","author":"Farrugia","year":"2006","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2006.10.004","article-title":"Quantitative EMG of facial muscles in myasthenia patients with MuSK antibodies","volume":"118","author":"Farrugia","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(03)00306-5","article-title":"Seronegative generalised myasthenia gravis: clinical features, antibodies, and their targets","volume":"2","author":"Vincent","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00707","article-title":"Muscle-specific kinase myasthenia gravis","volume":"11","author":"Borges","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.26404","article-title":"Thymectomy may not be associated with clinical improvement in MuSK myasthenia gravis","volume":"59","author":"Clifford","year":"2019","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1517\/14712590802588831","article-title":"A comparison of long-term post-thymectomy outcome of anti-AChR-positive, anti-AChR-negative and anti-MuSK-positive patients with non-thymomatous myasthenia gravis","volume":"9","author":"Ponseti","year":"2009","journal-title":"Expert Opin Biol Ther"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.20515","article-title":"Cholinergic neuromuscular hyperactivity in patients with myasthenia gravis seropositive for MuSK antibody","volume":"34","author":"Punga","year":"2006","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123047","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2024.123047","article-title":"Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors are ineffective in MuSK-antibody positive myasthenia gravis: Results of a study on 202 patients","volume":"461","author":"Ricciardi","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000011124","article-title":"International consensus guidance for management of myasthenia gravis: 2020 update","volume":"96","author":"Narayanaswami","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17562864231213240","DOI":"10.1177\/17562864231213240","article-title":"Guideline for the management of myasthenic syndromes","volume":"16","author":"Wiendl","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ther Adv Neurol Disord"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000010209","article-title":"Subgroup stratification and outcome in recently diagnosed generalized myasthenia gravis","volume":"95","author":"Tomschik","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.94.16.8848","article-title":"Kinase domain of the muscle-specific receptor tyrosine kinase (MuSK) is sufficient for phosphorylation but not clustering of acetylcholine receptors: required role for the MuSK ectodomain","volume":"94","author":"Glass","year":"1997","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"a009167","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a009167","article-title":"The role of MuSK in synapse formation and neuromuscular disease","volume":"5","author":"Burden","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0896-6273(95)90146-9","article-title":"Receptor tyrosine kinase specific for the skeletal muscle lineage: expression in embryonic muscle, at the neuromuscular junction, and after injury","volume":"15","author":"Valenzuela","year":"1995","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.90.7.2895","article-title":"Muscle-specific trk-related receptor with a kringle domain defines a distinct class of receptor tyrosine kinases","volume":"90","author":"Jennings","year":"1993","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2009.07.091","article-title":"Crystal structure of the frizzled-like cysteine-rich domain of the receptor tyrosine kinase MuSK","volume":"393","author":"Stiegler","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Mol Biol"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)81251-9","article-title":"The receptor tyrosine kinase MuSK is required for neuromuscular junction formation in vivo","volume":"85","author":"DeChiara","year":"1996","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbapap.2013.02.034","article-title":"Structure and activation of MuSK, a receptor tyrosine kinase central to neuromuscular junction formation","volume":"1834","author":"Hubbard","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2006.09.019","article-title":"Crystal structure of the agrin-responsive immunoglobulin-like domains 1 and 2 of the receptor tyrosine kinase MuSK","volume":"364","author":"Stiegler","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Mol Biol"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2008.10.002","article-title":"Lrp4 is a receptor for Agrin and forms a complex with MuSK","volume":"135","author":"Kim","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4993","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.02696","article-title":"LDL-receptor-related protein 4 is crucial for formation of the neuromuscular junction","volume":"133","author":"Weatherbee","year":"2006","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2300453120","article-title":"Structural insights into the assembly of the agrin\/LRP4\/MuSK signaling complex","volume":"120","author":"Xie","year":"2023","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M111.279307","article-title":"Agrin binds to the N-terminal region of Lrp4 protein and stimulates association between Lrp4 and the first immunoglobulin-like domain in muscle-specific kinase (MuSK)","volume":"286","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.180885.111","article-title":"Structural basis of agrin-LRP4-MuSK signaling","volume":"26","author":"Zong","year":"2012","journal-title":"Genes Dev"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2010.06.007","article-title":"The cytoplasmic adaptor protein Dok7 activates the receptor tyrosine kinase MuSK via dimerization","volume":"39","author":"Bergamin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol Cell"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1963","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2021.04.021","article-title":"Membraneless condensates by Rapsn phase separation as a platform for neuromuscular junction formation","volume":"109","author":"Xing","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1071","article-title":"Postsynaptic requirement for Abl kinases in assembly of the neuromuscular junction","volume":"6","author":"Finn","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.1977710","article-title":"Dok-7 regulates neuromuscular synapse formation by recruiting Crk and Crk-L","volume":"24","author":"Hallock","year":"2010","journal-title":"Genes Dev"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M007024200","article-title":"Agrin-induced activation of acetylcholine receptor-bound Src family kinases requires Rapsyn and correlates with acetylcholine receptor clustering","volume":"276","author":"Mittaud","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.21-11-03806.2001","article-title":"Src-class kinases act within the agrin\/MuSK pathway to regulate acetylcholine receptor phosphorylation, cytoskeletal anchoring, and clustering","volume":"21","author":"Mohamed","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M210249200","article-title":"Cooperative regulation by Rac and Rho of agrin-induced acetylcholine receptor clustering in muscle cells","volume":"278","author":"Weston","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.215251","article-title":"Balanced Rac1 activity controls formation and maintenance of neuromuscular acetylcholine receptor clusters","volume":"131","author":"Bai","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Cell Sci"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M103258200","article-title":"Interactions of the rapsyn RING-H2 domain with dystroglycan","volume":"276","author":"Bartoli","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2016.10.023","article-title":"Enzymatic activity of the scaffold protein rapsyn for synapse formation","volume":"92","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1385\/MN:25:1:079","article-title":"Clustering of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors: from the neuromuscular junction to interneuronal synapses","volume":"25","author":"Huh","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mol Neurobiol"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2009.05.057","article-title":"Rapsyn interacts with the muscle acetylcholine receptor via alpha-helical domains in the alpha, beta, and epsilon subunit intracellular loops","volume":"163","author":"Lee","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1301277110","article-title":"Structure and superorganization of acetylcholine receptor-rapsyn complexes","volume":"110","author":"Zuber","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.153.1.1","article-title":"Agrin-induced phosphorylation of the acetylcholine receptor regulates cytoskeletal anchoring and clustering","volume":"153","author":"Borges","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Cell Biol"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2007.06.031","article-title":"Rapsyn interaction with calpain stabilizes AChR clusters at the neuromuscular junction","volume":"55","author":"Chen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2005.04.002","article-title":"Neurotransmitter acetylcholine negatively regulates neuromuscular synapse formation by a Cdk5-dependent mechanism","volume":"46","author":"Lin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.10-10-03413.1990","article-title":"Calcium permeability of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor: the single-channel calcium influx is significant","volume":"10","author":"Decker","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410110603","article-title":"A newly recognized congenital myasthenic syndrome attributed to a prolonged open time of the acetylcholine-induced ion channel","volume":"11","author":"Engel","year":"1982","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.92.3.758","article-title":"Congenital myasthenic syndrome caused by prolonged acetylcholine receptor channel openings due to a mutation in the M2 domain of the epsilon subunit","volume":"92","author":"Ohno","year":"1995","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U.S.A"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dneu.v67:13","article-title":"Regulation of ACh receptor clustering by the tyrosine phosphatase Shp2","volume":"67","author":"Zhao","year":"2007","journal-title":"Dev Neurobiol"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4130-07.2008","article-title":"Muscle-specific receptor tyrosine kinase endocytosis in acetylcholine receptor clustering in response to agrin","volume":"28","author":"Zhu","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2022.780659","article-title":"Internalization of muscle-specific kinase is increased by Agrin and independent of kinase-activity, Lrp4 and dynamin","volume":"15","author":"Gemza","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Mol Neurosci"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-6606-5-7","article-title":"Wnt proteins regulate acetylcholine receptor clustering in muscle cells","volume":"5","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol Brain"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ra87","DOI":"10.1126\/scisignal.aaf0890","article-title":"MuSK is a BMP co-receptor that shapes BMP responses and calcium signaling in muscle cells","volume":"9","author":"Yilmaz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Signal"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102646","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2020.102646","article-title":"Update on IgG4-mediated autoimmune diseases: New insights and new family members","volume":"19","author":"Koneczny","year":"2020","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-023-00871-z","article-title":"The unique properties of IgG4 and its roles in health and disease","volume":"23","author":"Rispens","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1313944110","article-title":"MuSK IgG4 autoantibodies cause myasthenia gravis by inhibiting binding between MuSK and Lrp4","volume":"110","author":"Huijbers","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U.S.A"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0080695","article-title":"MuSK myasthenia gravis IgG4 disrupts the interaction of LRP4 with MuSK but both IgG4 and IgG1-3 can disperse preformed agrin-independent AChR clusters","volume":"8","author":"Koneczny","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2014.00520","article-title":"IgG subclasses and allotypes: from structure to effector functions","volume":"5","author":"Vidarsson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-5890(01)00050-5","article-title":"The inter-heavy chain disulfide bonds of IgG4 are in equilibrium with intra-chain disulfide bonds","volume":"38","author":"Schuurman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mol Immunol"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pro.5560060217","article-title":"Intrachain disulfide bond in the core hinge region of human IgG4","volume":"6","author":"Bloom","year":"1997","journal-title":"Protein Sci"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2016.11.005","article-title":"IgG4 autoantibodies against muscle-specific kinase undergo Fab-arm exchange in myasthenia gravis patients","volume":"77","author":"Koneczny","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Autoimmun"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.2014.142.issue-3","article-title":"Estimation of polyclonal IgG4 hybrids in normal human serum","volume":"142","author":"Young","year":"2014","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2015.12.016","article-title":"Longitudinal epitope mapping in MuSK myasthenia gravis: implications for disease severity","volume":"291","author":"Huijbers","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13928","DOI":"10.1038\/srep13928","article-title":"Collagen Q and anti-MuSK autoantibody competitively suppress agrin\/LRP4\/MuSK signaling","volume":"5","author":"Otsuka","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2012.06.034","article-title":"Muscle specific kinase autoantibodies cause synaptic failure through progressive wastage of postsynaptic acetylcholine receptors","volume":"237","author":"Morsch","year":"2012","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2012.01.025","article-title":"Passive and active immunization models of MuSK-Ab positive myasthenia: electrophysiological evidence for pre and postsynaptic defects","volume":"234","author":"Viegas","year":"2012","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2011.10.031","article-title":"Antibodies against muscle-specific kinase impair both presynaptic and postsynaptic functions in a murine model of myasthenia gravis","volume":"180","author":"Mori","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1733-14.2014","article-title":"LRP4 is critical for neuromuscular junction maintenance","volume":"34","author":"Barik","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11348","article-title":"Lrp4 is a retrograde signal for presynaptic differentiation at neuromuscular synapses","volume":"489","author":"Yumoto","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0110571","article-title":"Altered active zones, vesicle pools, nerve terminal conductivity, and morphology during experimental MuSK myasthenia gravis","volume":"9","author":"Patel","year":"2014","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.272.36.22840","article-title":"The mammalian gene of acetylcholinesterase-associated collagen","volume":"272","author":"Krejci","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.16.9654","article-title":"Human endplate acetylcholinesterase deficiency caused by mutations in the collagen-like tail subunit (ColQ) of the asymmetric enzyme","volume":"95","author":"Ohno","year":"1998","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U.S.A"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e318237f660","article-title":"Anti-MuSK autoantibodies block binding of collagen Q to MuSK","volume":"77","author":"Kawakami","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000200147","article-title":"IgG1-3 MuSK antibodies inhibit AChR cluster formation, restored by SHP2 inhibitor, despite normal MuSK, DOK7, or AChR subunit phosphorylation","volume":"10","author":"Cao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000547","article-title":"MuSK myasthenia gravis monoclonal antibodies: Valency dictates pathogenicity","volume":"6","author":"Huijbers","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.127167","article-title":"Characterization of pathogenic monoclonal autoantibodies derived from muscle-specific kinase myasthenia gravis patients","volume":"4","author":"Takata","year":"2019","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2020635118","article-title":"Functional monovalency amplifies the pathogenicity of anti-MuSK IgG4 in myasthenia gravis","volume":"118","author":"Vergoossen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U.S.A"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/humu.23949","article-title":"Congenital myasthenic syndrome due to mutations in MUSK suggests that the level of MuSK phosphorylation is crucial for governing synaptic structure","volume":"41","author":"Rodriguez Cruz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hum Mutat"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xhgg.2024.100288","article-title":"The severity of MUSK pathogenic variants is predicted by the protein domain they disrupt","volume":"5","author":"Cocanougher","year":"2024","journal-title":"HGG Adv"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110584","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellsig.2022.110584","article-title":"From phosphorylation to phenotype - Recent key findings on kinase regulation, downstream signaling and disease surrounding the receptor tyrosine kinase MuSK","volume":"104","author":"Promer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Signal"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2016.04.003","article-title":"MuSK induced experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis does not require IgG1 antibody to MuSK","author":"Kucukerden","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2014.02.012","article-title":"Preferential production of IgG1, IL-4 and IL-10 in MuSK-immunized mice","volume":"151","author":"Ulusoy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/aws025","article-title":"Muscle-specific kinase myasthenia gravis IgG4 autoantibodies cause severe neuromuscular junction dysfunction in mice","volume":"135","author":"Klooster","year":"2012","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2013.12.004","article-title":"A comprehensive analysis of the epidemiology and clinical characteristics of anti-LRP4 in myasthenia gravis","volume":"52","author":"Zisimopoulou","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Autoimmun"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"578241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2023.578241","article-title":"Clinical features and outcomes of patients with muscle-specific kinase antibody-positive myasthenia gravis in Japan","volume":"385","author":"Yasuda","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.25408","article-title":"Prevalence and clinical aspects of immigrants with myasthenia gravis in northern Europe","volume":"55","author":"Boldingh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2005.06.003","article-title":"MuSK-antibody positive myasthenia gravis: clinical and electrodiagnostic patterns","volume":"116","author":"Stickler","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2006.100545","article-title":"Clinical and serological study of myasthenia gravis in HuBei Province, China","volume":"78","author":"Zhang","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2020.516211","article-title":"Regional features of MuSK antibody-positive myasthenia gravis in northeast China","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.28077","article-title":"Epidemiology of seropositive myasthenia gravis in Sardinia: A population-based study in the district of Sassari","volume":"69","author":"Sechi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2006.102517","article-title":"Epidemiology of myasthenia gravis with anti-muscle specific kinase antibodies in The Netherlands","volume":"78","author":"Niks","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2009.02624.x","article-title":"Epidemiological and immunological profile of muscle-specific kinase myasthenia gravis in Greece","volume":"16","author":"Tsiamalos","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.25068","article-title":"Epidemiology of myasthenia gravis in Northern Portugal: Frequency estimates and clinical epidemiological distribution of cases","volume":"54","author":"Santos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e01819","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.v10.11","article-title":"Epidemiology of myasthenia gravis in Sweden 2006-2016","volume":"10","author":"Westerberg","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Behav"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s100720170011","article-title":"The prevalence of multiple sclerosis in the world: an update","volume":"22","author":"Rosati","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurol Sci"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203315596597","article-title":"Population-based analysis of hospitalizations in a West-European region revealed major changes in hospital utilization for patients with systemic lupus erythematosus over the period 2001-2012","volume":"25","author":"Piga","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1610528","article-title":"Overexpression of the cytokine BAFF and autoimmunity risk","volume":"376","author":"Steri","year":"2017","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ane.2018.138.issue-3","article-title":"HLA and MuSK-positive myasthenia gravis: A systemic review and meta-analysis","volume":"138","author":"Hong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2017-315782","article-title":"Pattern of ocular involvement in myasthenia gravis with MuSK antibodies","volume":"88","author":"Evoli","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/JND-160148","article-title":"Myasthenia gravis: unusual presentations and diagnostic pitfalls","volume":"3","author":"Rodolico","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Neuromuscul Dis"},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1552-6569.2009.00456.x","article-title":"MRI evidence of early muscle atrophy in MuSK positive myasthenia gravis","volume":"21","author":"Zouvelou","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Neuroimaging"},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.20491","article-title":"Single-fiber electromyography in limb and facial muscles in muscle-specific kinase antibody and acetylcholine receptor antibody myasthenia gravis","volume":"33","author":"Farrugia","year":"2006","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3988\/jcn.2017.13.3.287","article-title":"Repetitive nerve stimulation in MuSK-antibody-positive myasthenia gravis","volume":"13","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Neurol"},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.20498","article-title":"Repetitive nerve stimulation of facial muscles in MuSK antibody-positive myasthenia gravis","volume":"33","author":"Oh","year":"2006","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000183145.91579.74","article-title":"Nonresponsiveness to anticholinesterase agents in patients with MuSK-antibody-positive MG","volume":"65","author":"Hatanaka","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3988\/jcn.2014.10.2.119","article-title":"Clinical and electrophysiologic responses to acetylcholinesterase inhibitors in muSK-antibody-positive myasthenia gravis: evidence for cholinergic neuromuscular hyperactivity","volume":"10","author":"Shin","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Clin Neurol"},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.20061","article-title":"Detection and characterization of MuSK antibodies in seronegative myasthenia gravis","volume":"55","author":"McConville","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cccn.2004.05.008","article-title":"Muscle-specific receptor tyrosine kinase autoantibodies\u2013a new immunoprecipitation assay","volume":"348","author":"Matthews","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Chim Acta"},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-022-11458-4","article-title":"Clinical pitfalls and serological diagnostics of MuSK myasthenia gravis","volume":"270","author":"Kwon","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100846","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanwpc.2023.100846","article-title":"A multicentre, prospective, double-blind study comparing the accuracy of autoantibody diagnostic assays in myasthenia gravis: the SCREAM study","volume":"38","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Reg Health West Pac"},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000200038","article-title":"Comparison of fixed and live cell-based assay for the detection of AChR and MuSK antibodies in myasthenia gravis","volume":"10","author":"Spagni","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm"},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e357","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000357","article-title":"IgG-specific cell-based assay detects potentially pathogenic MuSK-Abs in seronegative MG","volume":"4","author":"Huda","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm"},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2021.04.019","article-title":"Cholinergic hyperactivity in patients with myasthenia gravis with MuSK antibodies: A neurophysiological study","volume":"132","author":"Modoni","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2011.12.016","article-title":"Neurophysiological characteristics of MuSK antibody positive myasthenia gravis mice: focal denervation and hypersensitivity to acetylcholinesterase inhibitors","volume":"316","author":"Chroni","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/tjp.2013.591.issue-10","article-title":"Pyridostigmine but not 3,4-diaminopyridine exacerbates ACh receptor loss and myasthenia induced in mice by muscle-specific kinase autoantibody","volume":"591","author":"Morsch","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/9.9.1273","article-title":"A transcription-activating polymorphism in the ACHE promoter associated with acute sensitivity to anti-acetylcholinesterases","volume":"9","author":"Shapira","year":"2000","journal-title":"Hum Mol Genet"},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000002466","article-title":"3,4-Diaminopyridine may improve myasthenia gravis with MuSK antibodies","volume":"86","author":"Evoli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2013.07.010","article-title":"Muscle specific kinase autoimmune myasthenia gravis in children: a case series","volume":"23","author":"Skjei","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuromuscul Disord"},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2050312118819013","DOI":"10.1177\/2050312118819013","article-title":"Amifampridine phosphate in the treatment of muscle-specific kinase myasthenia gravis: a phase IIb, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, double crossover study","volume":"6","author":"Bonanno","year":"2018","journal-title":"SAGE Open Med"},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1524272113","article-title":"Sympathetic innervation controls homeostasis of neuromuscular junctions in health and disease","volume":"113","author":"Khan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U.S.A"},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awz322","article-title":"beta2-Adrenergic receptor agonists ameliorate the adverse effect of long-term pyridostigmine on neuromuscular junction structure","volume":"142","author":"Vanhaesebrouck","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.2018.1412.issue-1","article-title":"Therapeutic strategies for congenital myasthenic syndromes","volume":"1412","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1042\/ETLS20180100","article-title":"Targeted therapies for congenital myasthenic syndromes: systematic review and steps towards a treatabolome","volume":"3","author":"Thompson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Emerg Top Life Sci"},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13760-024-02541-w","article-title":"Oral salbutamol for symptomatic treatment in MuSK antibody-positive myasthenia gravis: a single-centre experience","author":"Baheerathan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Belg"},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2012.06.038","article-title":"Can a rare form of myasthenia gravis shed additional light on disease mechanisms","volume":"115","author":"Haran","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg"},{"key":"B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2012.06781.x","article-title":"Management challenges in muscle-specific tyrosine kinase myasthenia gravis","volume":"1274","author":"Evoli","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"B137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0b013e32833c0982","article-title":"Update on muscle-specific tyrosine kinase antibody positive myasthenia gravis","volume":"23","author":"Guptill","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurol"},{"key":"B138","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of refractory myasthenia gravis patients","volume":"86","author":"Suh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Yale J Biol Med"},{"key":"B139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1196\/nyas.2008.1132.issue-1","article-title":"Response to therapy in myasthenia gravis with anti-MuSK antibodies","volume":"1132","author":"Evoli","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"B140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.3988\/jcn.2009.5.2.53","article-title":"Muscle-specific receptor tyrosine kinase antibody positive myasthenia gravis current status","volume":"5","author":"Oh","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Clin Neurol"},{"key":"B141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2023.1275533","article-title":"Rituximab treatment in myasthenia gravis","volume":"14","author":"Vesperinas-Castro","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"B142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000001116","article-title":"IgG4-mediated neurologic autoimmunities: understanding the pathogenicity of igG4, ineffectiveness of IVIg, and long-lasting benefits of anti-B cell therapies","volume":"9","author":"Dalakas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm"},{"key":"B143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.27435","article-title":"Rituximab therapy leads to rapid decline of serum IgG4 levels and prompt clinical improvement in IgG4-related systemic disease","volume":"62","author":"Khosroshahi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"key":"B144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2014-206605","article-title":"Rituximab for IgG4-related disease: a prospective, open-label trial","volume":"74","author":"Carruthers","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"B145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000004341","article-title":"Rituximab as treatment for anti-MuSK myasthenia gravis: Multicenter blinded prospective review","volume":"89","author":"Hehir","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-019-09191-6","article-title":"High efficacy of rituximab for myasthenia gravis: a comprehensive nationwide study in Austria","volume":"266","author":"Topakian","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"B147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3182407982","article-title":"Long-lasting treatment effect of rituximab in MuSK myasthenia","volume":"78","author":"Diaz-Manera","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00613","article-title":"Long-lasting rituximab-induced reduction of specific-but not total-IgG4 in MuSK-positive myasthenia gravis","volume":"11","author":"Marino","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1325171","article-title":"A retrospective multicenter study on clinical and serological parameters in patients with MuSK myasthenia gravis with and without general immunosuppression","volume":"15","author":"Koneczny","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.94263","article-title":"Autoantibody-producing plasmablasts after B cell depletion identified in muscle-specific kinase myasthenia gravis","volume":"2","author":"Stathopoulos","year":"2017","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"B151","first-page":"97","article-title":"Cell types required for anti-acetylcholine receptor antibody synthesis by cultured thymocytes and blood lymphocytes in myasthenia gravis","volume":"58","author":"Willcox","year":"1984","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"B152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.25973","article-title":"B cells in the pathophysiology of myasthenia gravis","volume":"57","author":"Yi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"B153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.26609","article-title":"Association between musk antibody concentrations and the myasthenia gravis composite score in 3 patients: A marker of relapse","volume":"60","author":"Triplett","year":"2019","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"B154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-022-01454-0","article-title":"Reemergence of pathogenic, autoantibody-producing B cell clones in myasthenia gravis following B cell depletion therapy","volume":"10","author":"Fichtner","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol Commun"},{"key":"B155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.22810","article-title":"Delayed memory B cell recovery in peripheral blood and lymphoid tissue in systemic lupus erythematosus after B cell depletion therapy","volume":"56","author":"Anolik","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"key":"B156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.21617","article-title":"Reconstitution of peripheral blood B cells after depletion with rituximab in patients with rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"54","author":"Leandro","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"key":"B157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S3","DOI":"10.1186\/ar3908","article-title":"B-cell subpopulations in humans and their differential susceptibility to depletion with anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies","author":"Leandro","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther"},{"key":"B158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-022-00821-1","article-title":"The therapeutic age of the neonatal Fc receptor","volume":"23","author":"Pyzik","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2019.03.001","article-title":"Efgartigimod improves muscle weakness in a mouse model for muscle-specific kinase myasthenia gravis","volume":"317","author":"Huijbers","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"B160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(21)00159-9","article-title":"Safety, efficacy, and tolerability of efgartigimod in patients with generalised myasthenia gravis (ADAPT): a multicentre, randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial","volume":"20","author":"Howard","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"B161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(23)00077-7","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of rozanolixizumab in patients with generalised myasthenia gravis (MycarinG): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, adaptive phase 3 study","volume":"22","author":"Bril","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"B162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(23)00211-9","article-title":"Are CAR T cells the answer to myasthenia gravis therapy","volume":"22","author":"Meisel","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"B163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000205247","article-title":"LUMINESCE, a phase 3 study of satralizumab in generalized myasthenia gravis (gMG): baseline characteristics","volume":"102","author":"Habib","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.16322","article-title":"A multicenter, randomized, open-label, phase 2 clinical study of telitacicept in adult patients with generalized myasthenia gravis","volume":"31","author":"Yin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"B165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000005323","article-title":"Randomized study of adjunctive belimumab in participants with generalized myasthenia gravis","volume":"90","author":"Hewett","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1756285617721093","article-title":"Bortezomib in severe MuSK-antibody positive myasthenia gravis: first clinical experience","volume":"10","author":"Schneider-Gold","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ther Adv Neurol Disord"},{"key":"B167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(23)00194-1","article-title":"Safety and clinical activity of autologous RNA chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy in myasthenia gravis (MG-001): a prospective, multicentre, open-label, non-randomised phase 1b\/2a study","volume":"22","author":"Granit","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"B168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-022-01637-z","article-title":"Precision targeting of autoantigen-specific B cells in muscle-specific tyrosine kinase myasthenia gravis with chimeric autoantibody receptor T cells","volume":"41","author":"Oh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Biotechnol"},{"key":"B169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2408324121","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2408324121","article-title":"Agonist antibody to MuSK protects mice from MuSK myasthenia gravis","volume":"121","author":"Oury","year":"2024","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U.S.A"},{"key":"B170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00917","article-title":"Complement inhibitor therapy for myasthenia gravis","volume":"11","author":"Albazli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(23)00080-7","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of zilucoplan in patients with generalised myasthenia gravis (RAISE): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 study","volume":"22","author":"Howard","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"B172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"EVIDoa2100066","DOI":"10.1056\/EVIDoa2100066","article-title":"Terminal complement inhibitor ravulizumab in generalized myasthenia gravis","volume":"1","author":"Vu","year":"2022","journal-title":"NEJM Evid"},{"key":"B173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000328863","article-title":"Change in myasthenia gravis epidemiology in Trento, Italy, after twenty years","volume":"36","author":"Pallaver","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuroepidemiology"},{"key":"B174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.2018.25.issue-3","article-title":"A nationwide epidemiological study of myasthenia gravis in Latvia","volume":"25","author":"Zieda","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1502480\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,5]],"date-time":"2024-12-05T00:11:29Z","timestamp":1733357489000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1502480\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,5]]},"references-count":174,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1502480"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1502480","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,5]]},"article-number":"1502480"}}