{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,5]],"date-time":"2026-07-05T04:22:56Z","timestamp":1783225376418,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,19]],"date-time":"2024-11-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1731974400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Interleukin-15 (IL-15) is a crucial cytokine involved in immune system regulation, which is produced by various cell types, including dendritic cells, monocytes, and macrophages. IL-15 plays a key role in the proliferation and activation of natural killer (NK) cells, CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T cells, and memory CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T cells, supporting their survival and enhancing their effector functions. Although IL-15 homologues in fish have been identified, their functions remain poorly understood. In this study, we cloned and investigated the bioactivities of an IL-15 homologue, referred to as IL-15 like (<jats:italic>Cc<\/jats:italic>IL-15L), in common carp (<jats:italic>Cyprinus carpio<\/jats:italic> L.). An expression pattern analysis revealed that <jats:italic>CcIL-15L<\/jats:italic> was constitutively expressed in all examined tissues of healthy common carp, with the highest expression level observed in the intestine. Additionally, <jats:italic>CcIL-15L<\/jats:italic> expression was significantly up-regulated in the head kidney, spleen, gills, and intestine following <jats:italic>Aeromonas hydrophila<\/jats:italic> infection. <jats:italic>In vitro<\/jats:italic>, the recombinant protein <jats:italic>Cc<\/jats:italic>IL-15L can significantly up-regulated the gene expression levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (<jats:italic>IL-1\u03b2<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>IL-6<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>IFN-\u03b3<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>TNF-\u03b1<\/jats:italic>) and NK cell activation (<jats:italic>perforin<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Eomesa<\/jats:italic>). We constructed a 3\u00d7FLAG eukaryotic expression vector and successfully expressed it in common carp by intramuscular injection. Additionally, the heterologous <jats:italic>Cc<\/jats:italic>IL-15L protein was successfully overexpressed <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>, and immune-related genes including <jats:italic>CD4-1<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>CD8\u03b22<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>TNF-\u03b1<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>IgM<\/jats:italic> showed significant induction in the head kidney and spleen. Furthermore, <jats:italic>Cc<\/jats:italic>IL-15L overexpression reduced the bacterial loads after 24 h post-<jats:italic>A. hydrophila<\/jats:italic> infection in the liver, spleen, and kidney. Phagocytic and chemotaxis assays showed that r<jats:italic>Cc<\/jats:italic>IL-15L could promoted the phagocytosis and chemotactic abilities of common carp HKLs. Our study provides a new perspective on the role for <jats:italic>Cc<\/jats:italic>IL-15L in immunological functions in common carp.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1502847","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,19]],"date-time":"2024-11-19T06:17:58Z","timestamp":1731997078000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Molecular cloning, expression analysis, and functional characterization of an interleukin-15 like gene in common carp (Cyprinus carpio 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