{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]],"date-time":"2026-07-25T01:07:37Z","timestamp":1784941657133,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,23]],"date-time":"2024-12-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734912000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AI141315, R01AI161013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI141315, R01AI161013"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000289","name":"Cancer Research UK","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CC2112"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CC2112"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000289","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004440","name":"Wellcome","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["203135, 226817, CC2112"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["203135, 226817, CC2112"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014013","name":"UK Research and Innovation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CC2112"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CC2112"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014013","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Tuberculosis (TB) is the deadliest infectious disease worldwide and novel vaccines are urgently needed. HLA-E is a virtually monomorphic antigen presentation molecule and is not downregulated upon HIV co-infection. HLA-E restricted <jats:italic>Mtb<\/jats:italic> specific CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T cells are present in the circulation of individuals with active TB (aTB) and <jats:italic>Mtb<\/jats:italic> infection (TBI) with or without HIV co-infection, making HLA-E restricted T cells interesting vaccination targets for TB.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Here, we performed in-depth phenotyping of HLA-E\/<jats:italic>Mtb<\/jats:italic> specific and total T cell populations in individuals with TBI and in individuals with aTB or TBI and HIV using HLA-E\/<jats:italic>Mtb<\/jats:italic> tetramers.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results and Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>We show that HIV co-infection is the main driver in changing the memory distribution of HLA-E\/<jats:italic>Mtb<\/jats:italic> specific CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> and CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T cell subsets. HLA-E\/<jats:italic>Mtb<\/jats:italic> specific CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> and CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T cells were found to circulate with comparable frequencies in all individuals and displayed expression of KLRG1, PD-1 and 2B4 similar to that of total T cells. The presence of HLA-E\/<jats:italic>Mtb<\/jats:italic> specific T cells in individuals with aTB and TBI highlights the potential of HLA-E as a vaccine target for TB.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1505329","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,23]],"date-time":"2024-12-23T06:41:43Z","timestamp":1734936103000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["HLA-E\/Mtb specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells have a memory phenotype in individuals with TB infection"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Linda","family":"Voogd","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine","family":"Riou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas J.","family":"Scriba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marjolein","family":"van Wolfswinkel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Krista E.","family":"van Meijgaarden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kees L. 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