{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T16:37:40Z","timestamp":1792427860269,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":249,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,6]],"date-time":"2025-01-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736121600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Few pathogens have historically been subjected to as intense scientific and clinical scrutiny as SARS-CoV-2. The genetic, immunological, and environmental factors influencing disease severity and post-infection clinical outcomes, known as correlates of immunity, remain largely undefined. Clinical outcomes of SARS-CoV-2 infection vary widely, ranging from asymptomatic cases to those with life-threatening COVID-19 symptoms. While most infected individuals return to their former health and fitness within a few weeks, some develop debilitating chronic symptoms, referred to as long-COVID. Autoimmune responses have been proposed as one of the factors influencing long-COVID and the severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection. The association between viral infections and autoimmune pathologies is not new. Viruses such as Epstein-Barr virus and cytomegalovirus, among others, have been shown to induce the production of autoantibodies and the onset of autoimmune conditions. Given the extensive literature on SARS-CoV-2, here we review current evidence on SARS-CoV-2-induced autoimmune pathologies, with a focus on autoantibodies. We closely examine mechanisms driving autoantibody production, particularly their connection with disease severity and long-COVID.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1509289","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,6]],"date-time":"2025-01-06T06:59:07Z","timestamp":1736146747000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Autoantibodies in COVID-19: implications for disease severity and clinical outcomes"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Yannick","family":"Galipeau","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Curtis","family":"Cooper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc-Andr\u00e9","family":"Langlois","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2008-3","article-title":"A new coronavirus associated with human respiratory disease in China","volume":"579","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2001017","article-title":"A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China, 2019","volume":"382","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B3","unstructured":"COVID-19 dashboard geneva\n          \n          2023"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.1760","article-title":"The COVID-19 pandemic strikes again and again and again","volume":"5","author":"Myers","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Network Open"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsb2021088","article-title":"Covid-19 \u2014 Implications for the health care system","volume":"383","author":"Blumenthal","year":"2020","journal-title":"New Engl J Med"},{"key":"B6","article-title":"The cost of ignoring vaccines","volume":"95","author":"Farrenkopf","year":"2022","journal-title":"Yale J Biol Med"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.1095983","article-title":"Canada\u2019s public health system is stretched \u201cdangerously thin","volume":"194","author":"Duong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Can Med Assoc J"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2021.05.033","article-title":"Post-COVID-19 symptoms 6 months after acute infection among hospitalized and non-hospitalized patients","volume":"27","author":"Peghin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infection"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanepe.2021.100122","article-title":"Post-COVID syndrome in non-hospitalised patients with COVID-19: a longitudinal prospective cohort study","volume":"6","author":"Augustin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Regional Health - 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