{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]],"date-time":"2025-11-05T11:33:29Z","timestamp":1762342409986,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,14]],"date-time":"2025-01-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736812800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) originates from a complex interplay between genetic and environmental factors. We investigated the association between seafood intake and dietary contaminant exposure during pregnancy and JIA risk, to identify sex differences and gene-environment interactions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We used the Norwegian Mother, Father, and Child Cohort Study (MoBa), a population-based prospective pregnancy cohort (1999\u20132008). JIA patients were identified through the Norwegian Patient Registry, with remaining mother-child pairs serving as controls. We assessed maternal seafood intake and dietary contaminants typically found in seafood using a food frequency questionnaire completed during pregnancy, mainly comparing high (\u226590<jats:sup>th<\/jats:sup> percentile, P90) vs low (&amp;lt;P90) intake. Multivariable logistic regression calculated adjusted odds ratios (aOR), including sex-stratification analyses. A polygenic risk score (PRS) for JIA was used in a subsample to assess gene-environment interactions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>We identified 217 JIA patients and 71,884 controls. High vs low maternal intake of lean\/semi-oily fish was associated with JIA (aOR 1.51, 95% CI 1.02-2.22), especially among boys (aOR 2.13, 95% CI 1.21-3.75). A significant gene-environment interaction was observed between total fish intake and PRS, with high fish intake associated with JIA primarily in those with low PRS (p&amp;lt;0.03). We found no associations between high vs low exposure to other types of seafood or environmental contaminants and JIA.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>We found a modestly increased risk of JIA associated with high intake of lean\/semi-oily fish during pregnancy, not explained by estimated exposure to dietary contaminants. Our data suggest a more pronounced association in children with a lower genetic predisposition for JIA.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1523990","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,14]],"date-time":"2025-01-14T05:11:21Z","timestamp":1736831481000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Maternal seafood intake, dietary contaminant exposure, and risk of juvenile idiopathic arthritis: exploring gene-environment interactions"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Vilde \u00d8verlien","family":"D\u00e5st\u00f8l","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kristine L\u00f8k\u00e5s","family":"Haftorn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hamid 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