{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]],"date-time":"2026-11-02T22:56:40Z","timestamp":1793660200960,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,11]],"date-time":"2025-02-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739232000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>In addition to its direct cytotoxic effects, ablative therapies as electrochemotherapy (ECT) can elicit indirect antitumor effects by triggering immune system responses. Here, we comprehensively analyzed this dual effectiveness of intratumoral ECT with chemotherapeutic drugs bleomycin (BLM), oxaliplatin (OXA), and cisplatin (CDDP). Our aim was to determine if ECT can act as <jats:italic>in situ<\/jats:italic> vaccination and thereby induce an abscopal effect. By evaluating ECT\u2019s potential for <jats:italic>in situ<\/jats:italic> vaccination, our goal was to pave the way for future advancements for its combination with emerging (immuno)therapies, leading to enhanced responses and outcomes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We employed two mouse tumor models, the immunologically cold B16F10 melanoma and 4T1 mammary carcinoma, to explore both local and systemic (i.e., abscopal) antitumor effects following equieffective intratumoral ECT with BLM, OXA, and CDDP. Through histological analyses and the use of immunodeficient and metastatic (for abscopal effect) mouse models, we identified and compared both the cytotoxic and immunological components of ECT\u2019s antitumor efficiency, such as immunologically recognizable cell deaths (immunogenic cell death and necrosis) and immune infiltrate (CD11<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>, CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>, CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>, GrB<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Differences in immunological involvement after equieffective intratumoral ECT were highlighted by variable kinetics of immunologically recognizable cell deaths and immune infiltrate across the studied tumor models. Particularly, the 4T1 tumor model exhibited a more pronounced involvement of the immune component compared to the B16F10 tumor model. Variances in the antitumor (immune) response were also detected based on the chemotherapeutic drug used in ECT. Collectively, ECT demonstrated effectiveness in inducing <jats:italic>in situ<\/jats:italic> vaccination in both tumor models; however, an abscopal effect was observed in the 4T1 tumor model only.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>This is the first preclinical study systematically comparing the immune involvement in intratumoral ECT\u2019s efficiency using three distinct chemotherapeutic drugs in mouse tumor models. The demonstrated variability in immune response to ECT across different tumor models and chemotherapeutic drugs provides a basis for future investigations aimed at enhancing the effectiveness of combined treatments.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1470432","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,11]],"date-time":"2025-02-11T05:11:00Z","timestamp":1739250660000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Electrochemotherapy with bleomycin, oxaliplatin, or cisplatin in mouse tumor models, from tumor ablation to in situ vaccination"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Katja","family":"Ur\u0161i\u010d Valentinuzzi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ur\u0161ka","family":"Kamen\u0161ek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simona","family":"Kranjc Brezar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chloe","family":"Heranney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tilen","family":"Komel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simon","family":"Bu\u010dek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maja","family":"\u010cema\u017ear","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gregor","family":"Ser\u0161a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.IJROBP.2020.08.023","article-title":"Radiation therapy and the in situ vaccination approach","volume":"108","author":"Golden","year":"2020","journal-title":"C. 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