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Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>While research on the gut-liver axis in non-communicable liver diseases has expanded exponentially, few studies have investigated the liver-gut relationship in the context of gastrointestinal nematode infections. This study aimed to determine whether liver-draining lymph nodes (LLNs) contribute to the immune response against a strictly enteric nematode infection.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We analyzed the cellular and functional immune responses in the portal (PLN) and celiac (CLN) liver-draining lymph nodes following infection with the small intestinal nematode <jats:italic>Heligmosomoides (polygyrus) bakeri (H. bakeri)<\/jats:italic>. The composition of dendritic cells and CD4+ T cell subsets in LLNs was compared to the mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN), the primary draining site of gut infections. Additionally, we examined Th2 effector cell expansion, plasmablast generation, and B cell activation across these lymphoid sites.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Both PLN and CLN exhibited increased cellularity at d14 post-infection. The immune profile in CLN closely resembled that of MLN, characterized by a robust expansion of GATA-3+ Th2 effector cells at days 6 and 14 post-infection. This was accompanied by an early plasmablast response, producing low-affinity IgG1 antibodies targeting immune-dominant excretory-secretory (ES) products. In contrast, PLN showed weaker Th2 responses and lower early plasma cell responses compared to MLN and CLN. However, PLN displayed strong follicular T helper (TFH) activity, with a B cell profile biased toward germinal center reactions. This led to high-affinity IgG1 antibodies specifically binding VAL-1 and ACE-1.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>These findings demonstrate, for the first time, that liver-draining lymph nodes actively participate in the adaptive immune response to enteric nematode infections. While MLN and CLN function synergistically in generating early Th2 effector cells and rapid extrafollicular IgG1+ plasma cell responses, PLN specializes in TFH-driven germinal center reactions and affinity maturation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1483274","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,28]],"date-time":"2025-02-28T06:57:00Z","timestamp":1740725820000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Liver-draining portal lymph node responds to enteric nematode infection by generating highly parasite-specific follicular T helper and B cell responses"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Joshua","family":"Adjah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zaneta","family":"D. 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