{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T00:19:06Z","timestamp":1792628346283,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,28]],"date-time":"2025-04-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745798400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012394","name":"Robert J. Kleberg, Jr. and Helen C. Kleberg Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012394","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Chagas disease (CD), caused by the parasite\n                      <jats:italic>Trypanosoma cruzi<\/jats:italic>\n                      , affects millions globally. Despite treatment options in the acute phase, most infections progress to a chronic indeterminate form or develop severe cardiac\/gastrointestinal complications. Understanding the immune response is crucial for the development of vaccines and more efficient drugs for the disease control.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This work investigates the immune response to\n                      <jats:italic>T. cruzi<\/jats:italic>\n                      H1 K68 strain infection in female BALB\/c and C57BL\/6 mice to characterize differences in Tfh and B cell responses that may be involved in the poor parasite-specific antibody production during acute infection. For this, mice were euthanized 14, 28, and 49 days after infection, and splenic T and B cell populations were evaluated by flow cytometry.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>BALB\/c mice exhibited a strong Th2-biased response with a massive expansion of classic Tfh cells and GC B cells, potentially linked with polyclonal B cell activation and hypergammaglobulinemia, but not with efficient parasite clearance. C57BL\/6 mice displayed a Th1-skewed response with a population of \"Th1-like Tfh\" cells expressing IFN-\u03b3 and CXCR5 associated with lower parasite burden and more focused antibody response, including parasitespecific IgG2c during early acute infection.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      These findings suggest that these mouse models develop different immune responses mediated by Tfh cells, which are crucial for B cell activation and antibody production. The massive expansion of Tfh cells in BALB\/c mice might lead to unspecific antibody production due to excessive B cell activation. Conversely, C57BL\/6 mice exhibit a \"Th1-like Tfh\" response lacking classic Tfh cells, potentially explaining their weak parasite-specific antibody production throughout the acute infection. Overall, this study provides for the first time insights into the complex interplay between Tfh cells and antibody production during\n                      <jats:italic>T. cruzi<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection, suggesting potential targets for therapeutic intervention in CD.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1487317","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,28]],"date-time":"2025-04-28T02:08:15Z","timestamp":1745806095000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Different responses involving Tfh cells delay parasite-specific antibody production in Trypanosoma cruzi acute experimental models"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Ana Carolina","family":"Le\u00e3o","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria 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