{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T13:14:27Z","timestamp":1791465267415,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,10]],"date-time":"2025-06-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749513600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study aimed to analyze gene expression data from psoriasis and control samples, focusing on identifying exosome and cell senescence genes, integrating datasets, and validating batch effect removal using principal component analysis (PCA).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We analyzed gene expression profiles from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) to identify significant differences between healthy and diseased tissues. It evaluated immune cell proportion variations and used weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) to find key modules. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks were constructed to explore gene interactions, followed by enrichment analysis for biological functions and pathways. To validate findings, feature genes were confirmed using additional GEO datasets and real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study integrated GSE30999 and GSE13355 datasets, identifying 274 exosome-related and cell senescence genes. After standardizing and normalizing the data, PCA confirmed effective batch effect removal. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were analyzed for immune-related functions, and PPI networks were constructed. The results, visualized with heatmaps, revealed significant differences in the expression of exosome-related DEGs between psoriasis and control samples. These findings provide insights into potential novel targets for psoriasis therapy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Sixteen exosome-related differentially expressed genes (ERDEGs), including <jats:italic>CD274<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>SERPINB3<\/jats:italic>, are likely to play a significant role in the development of psoriasis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1492012","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,10]],"date-time":"2025-06-10T05:22:34Z","timestamp":1749532954000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Integrated analysis of exosome-related genes and their role in psoriasis pathogenesis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Zhen","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fang","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)32549-6","article-title":"Psoriasis","volume":"397","author":"Griffiths","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-032713-120225","article-title":"Immunology of psoriasis","volume":"32","author":"Lowes","year":"2014","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2022.02.016","article-title":"IL-17A promotes psoriasis-associated keratinocyte proliferation through ACT1-dependent activation of YAP-AREG axis","volume":"142","author":"Yu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"m1590","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m1590","article-title":"National, regional, and worldwide epidemiology of psoriasis: systematic analysis and modelling study","volume":"369","author":"Parisi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bmj"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.11.055","article-title":"Guidelines of care for the management of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis: section 6. Guidelines of care for the treatment of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis: case-based presentations and evidence-based conclusions","volume":"65","author":"Menter","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03007995.2023.2214046","article-title":"Cost per responder of biologic drugs used in the treatment of moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis in France and Germany","volume":"39","author":"Nyholm","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr Med Res Opin"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.14670\/HH-30.43","article-title":"The emerging role of exosomes in survivin secretion","volume":"30","author":"Khan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Histol Histopathol"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1186\/s12964-021-00730-1","article-title":"The exosome journey: from biogenesis to uptake and intracellular signalling","volume":"19","author":"Gurung","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Commun Signal"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2017.02.020","article-title":"Exosomes: Therapy delivery tools and biomarkers of diseases","volume":"174","author":"Barile","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btm254","article-title":"GEOquery: a bridge between the gene expression omnibus (GEO) and bioConductor","volume":"23","author":"Davis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2012.184","article-title":"Expanding the psoriasis disease profile: interrogation of the skin and serum of patients with moderate-to-severe psoriasis","volume":"132","author":"Su\u00e1rez-Fari\u00f1as","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0018266","article-title":"Genome-wide expression profiling of five mouse models identifies similarities and differences with human psoriasis","volume":"6","author":"Swindell","year":"2011","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1.30.1","DOI":"10.1002\/0471250953.2016.54.issue-1","article-title":"The geneCards suite: from gene data mining to disease genome sequence analyses","volume":"54","author":"Stelzer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr Protoc Bioinf"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.884090","article-title":"A novel exosome-relevant molecular classification uncovers distinct immune escape mechanisms and genomic alterations in gastric cancer","volume":"13","author":"Lin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bts034","article-title":"The sva package for removing batch effects and other unwanted variation in high-throughput experiments","volume":"28","author":"Leek","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkv007","article-title":"limma powers differential expression analyses for RNA-sequencing and microarray studies","volume":"43","author":"Ritchie","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"B17","article-title":"Principal component analysis (PCA)","volume":"99","author":"Ben Salem","year":"2021","journal-title":"Tunis Med"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-14-244","article-title":"RCircos: an R package for Circos 2D track plots","volume":"14","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Bioinf"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D419","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gky1038","article-title":"PANTHER version 14: more genomes, a new PANTHER GO-slim and improvements in enrichment analysis tools","volume":"47","author":"Mi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/28.1.27","article-title":"KEGG: kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes","volume":"28","author":"Ogata","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/omi.2011.0118","article-title":"clusterProfiler: an R package for comparing biological themes among gene clusters","volume":"16","author":"Yu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Omics"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0506580102","article-title":"Gene set enrichment analysis: a knowledge-based approach for interpreting genome-wide expression profiles","volume":"102","author":"Subramanian","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D607","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gky1131","article-title":"STRING v11: protein-protein association networks with increased coverage, supporting functional discovery in genome-wide experimental datasets","volume":"47","author":"Szklarczyk","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.1239303","article-title":"Cytoscape: a software environment for integrated models of biomolecular interaction networks","volume":"13","author":"Shannon","year":"2003","journal-title":"Genome Res"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S11","DOI":"10.1186\/1752-0509-8-S4-S11","article-title":"cytoHubba: identifying hub objects and sub-networks from complex interactome","author":"Chin","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Syst Biol"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D43","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkw965","article-title":"ChIPBase v2.0: decoding transcriptional regulatory networks of non-coding RNAs and protein-coding genes from ChIP-seq data","volume":"45","author":"Zhou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkt1248","article-title":"starBase v2.0: decoding miRNA-ceRNA, miRNA-ncRNA and protein-RNA interaction networks from large-scale CLIP-Seq data","volume":"42","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2020.607622","article-title":"Identification and verification of immune-related gene prognostic signature based on ssGSEA for osteosarcoma","volume":"10","author":"Xiao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.2467","article-title":"Identification of 15 new psoriasis susceptibility loci highlights the role of innate immunity","volume":"44","author":"Tsoi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ijd.v62.12","article-title":"Evaluation and treatment of metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease in adult patients with psoriasis","volume":"62","author":"Palmer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577640","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2021.577640","article-title":"The pathogenic, therapeutic and diagnostic role of exosomal microRNA in the autoimmune diseases","volume":"358","author":"Mirzaei","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-024-09449-x","article-title":"The implications of exosomes in psoriasis: disease: emerging as new diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets","volume":"51","author":"Jonoush","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol Biol Rep"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics16121586","article-title":"The role of extracellular vesicles in the development and treatment of psoriasis: narrative review","volume":"16","author":"Tang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.92897","article-title":"Exosomes: The emerging mechanisms and potential clinical applications in dermatology","volume":"20","author":"Yu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Biol Sci"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/term.v12.2","article-title":"Tonsil-derived mesenchymal stem cells (T-MSCs) prevent Th17-mediated autoimmune response via regulation of the programmed death-1\/programmed death ligand-1 (PD-1\/PD-L1) pathway","volume":"12","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Tissue Eng Regener Med"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2021.06.026","article-title":"Differential involvement of programmed cell death ligands in skin immune responses","volume":"142","author":"Tanaka","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina57080754","article-title":"The role of chemokines in psoriasis-an overview","volume":"57","author":"Zdanowska","year":"2021","journal-title":"Medicina (Kaunas)"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12016-024-08991-7","article-title":"The immunology of psoriasis-current concepts in pathogenesis","volume":"66","author":"Sieminska","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Rev Allergy Immunol"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo13020291","article-title":"Abnormalities of sphingolipids metabolic pathways in the pathogenesis of psoriasis","volume":"13","author":"Burger","year":"2023","journal-title":"Metabolites"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1386207325666220819194249","article-title":"Identification of chemokines-related miRNAs as potential biomarkers in psoriasis based on integrated bioinformatics analysis","volume":"26","author":"Zhuang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Comb Chem High Throughput Screen"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1007\/s10238-024-01508-8","article-title":"CXCL13: a common target for immune-mediated inflammatory diseases","volume":"24","author":"Hui","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Exp Med"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22918","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-49764-0","article-title":"Identification and verification of three autophagy-related genes as potential biomarkers for the diagnosis of psoriasis","volume":"13","author":"Zou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-016-0178-7","article-title":"The role of epidermal sphingolipids in dermatologic diseases","volume":"15","author":"Borodzicz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19020530","article-title":"Role of the IL-23\/IL-17 axis in psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis: the clinical importance of its divergence in skin and joints","volume":"19","author":"Boutet","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1186\/s41065-022-00233-0","article-title":"Identification of key apoptosis-related genes and immune infiltration in the pathogenesis of psoriasis","volume":"159","author":"Zou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hereditas"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/genes12101601","article-title":"Impact of ABCG2 gene polymorphism on the predisposition to psoriasis","volume":"12","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Genes (Basel)"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ad.2012.11.006","article-title":"The pathogenesis and genetics of psoriasis","volume":"105","author":"Puig","year":"2014","journal-title":"Actas Dermosifiliogr"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.594735","article-title":"The IL-23\/IL-17 pathway in inflammatory skin diseases: from bench to bedside","volume":"11","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1492012\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,10]],"date-time":"2025-06-10T05:22:35Z","timestamp":1749532955000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1492012\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,10]]},"references-count":48,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1492012"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1492012","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,10]]},"article-number":"1492012"}}