{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T15:58:01Z","timestamp":1753891081690,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,25]],"date-time":"2025-02-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740441600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>The rapid spread of SARS-CoV-2 and its continuing impact on human health has prompted the need for effective and rapid development of monoclonal antibody therapeutics. In this study, we investigate polyclonal antibodies in serum and B cells from the whole blood of three donors with SARS-CoV-2 immunity to find high-affinity anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies to escape variants. Serum IgG antibodies were selected by their affinity to the receptor-binding domain (RBD) and non-RBD sites on the spike protein of Omicron subvariant B.1.1.529 from each donor. Antibodies were analyzed by bottom-up mass spectrometry, and matched to single- and bulk-cell sequenced repertoires for each donor. The antibodies observed in serum were recombinantly expressed, and characterized to assess domain binding, cross-reactivity between different variants, and capacity to inhibit RBD binding to host protein. Donors infected with early Omicron subvariants had serum antibodies with subnanomolar affinity to RBD that also showed binding activity to a newer Omicron subvariant BQ.1.1. The donors also showed a convergent immune response. Serum antibodies and other single- and bulk-cell sequences were similar to publicly reported anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, and the characterized serum antibodies had the same variant-binding and neutralization profiles as their reported public sequences. The serum antibodies analyzed were a subset of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in the B cell repertoire, which demonstrates significant dynamics between the B cells and circulating antibodies in peripheral blood.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1509888","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,25]],"date-time":"2025-02-25T05:12:29Z","timestamp":1740460349000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Serum proteomics reveals high-affinity and convergent antibodies by tracking SARS-CoV-2 hybrid immunity to emerging variants of concern"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Anand","family":"Patel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thiago","family":"Lima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Carson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qiulong","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stefano R.","family":"Bonissone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Natalie","family":"Castellana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cels.2021.08.008","article-title":"Human plasma IgG1 repertoires are simple, unique, and dynamic","volume":"12","author":"Bondt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Syst"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/833871","article-title":"Serum proteomics expands on identifying more high-affinity antibodies in immunized rabbits than deep b-cell repertoire sequencing alone","author":"Bonissone","year":"2019","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/cmb.2016.0010","article-title":"Immunoglobulin classification using the colored antibody graph","volume":"23","author":"Bonissone","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Comput Biol"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ac4037679","article-title":"Proteomic identification of monoclonal antibodies from serum","volume":"86","author":"Boutz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Analytical Chem"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.v95.11","article-title":"The breadth of the neutralizing antibody response to original SARS-CoV-2 infection is linked to the presence of Long COVID symptoms","volume":"95","author":"Buck","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2009.018689","article-title":"Circulating human b and plasma cells. 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