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Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Anisakis simplex sensu stricto (s. s.) is one of the most widespread parasitic nematodes of marine organisms, with humans as accidental hosts. While many studies have explored nematode biology and host interactions, the role of extracellular vesicles (EVs) as signaling molecules in parasitic nematodes is less understood.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Therefore, the proteins present in the EVs of A. simplex (s. s.) (Anis-EVs) were identified. In addition, a cross-talk proteomic approach was used to identify differentially regulated proteins (DRPs) in the proteome of the human intestinal epithelial cell line (Caco-2) co-cultured with L3 larvae of A. simplex (s. s.) or directly exposed to two concentrations (low or high) of Anis-EVs. In addition, DRPs were identified in the proteome of A. simplex (s. s.) larvae affected by co-culture with Caco-2. To achieve this goal, the shotgun proteomics method based on isobaric mass labeling (via tandem mass tags; TMT) was used with a combination of nano high-performance liquid chromatography (nLC) coupled with an LTQ-Orbitrap Elite mass spectrometer. In addition, ELISA assays were used to demonstrate if Caco-2 respond to A. simplex (s. s.) larvae and Anis-EVs with significant changes in selected cytokines secretion.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The results of this study indicate the anti-inflammatory character of Anis-EVs in relation to Caco-2. At the same time, direct treatment with Anis-EVs resulted in more significant changes in the Caco-2 proteome than co-culture with L3 larvae.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The results obtained should lead to a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the development of A. simplex (s. s.) infection in humans and will complement the existing knowledge on the role of EVs in host-parasite communication.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1509984","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,3]],"date-time":"2025-02-03T06:33:37Z","timestamp":1738564417000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Exploring the exoproteome of the parasitic nematode Anisakis simplex (s. s.) and its impact on the human host \u2013 an in vitro cross-talk proteomic approach"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Robert","family":"Stryi\u0144ski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ewa","family":"Fiedorowicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jes\u00fas","family":"Mateos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aneta","family":"Andronowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"El\u017cbieta","family":"\u0141opie\u0144ska-Biernat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M\u00f3nica","family":"Carrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2017.12.001","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology of anisakis and anisakiasis: an ecological and evolutionary road map","volume":"99","author":"Mattiucci","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv Parasitol"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2016.11.006","article-title":"Anisakis allergy in human","volume":"59","author":"Ivanovi\u0107","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci Technol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/5176502","article-title":"Common symptoms from an uncommon infection: gastrointestinal anisakiasis","volume":"2016","author":"Shimamura","year":"2016","journal-title":"Can J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1471-4922(01)02152-3","article-title":"Anisakis simplex: dangerous \u2014 dead and alive","volume":"18","author":"Audicana","year":"2002","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pim.12349","article-title":"Anisakis - immunology of a foodborne parasitosis","volume":"38","author":"Nieuwenhuizen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11882-014-0455-3","article-title":"Allergic reactions to anisakis found in fish","volume":"14","author":"Nieuwenhuizen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr Allergy Asthma Rep"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2010.1543","article-title":"Scientific Opinion on risk assessment of parasites in fishery products","volume":"8","year":"2010","journal-title":"EFSA J"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-21396-0_11","article-title":"Anisakid Nematode (Ascaridoidea) Life Cycles and Distribution: Increasing Zoonotic Potential in the Time of Climate Change","volume-title":"Progress in Parasitology. 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