{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]],"date-time":"2026-11-02T17:58:28Z","timestamp":1793642308149,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":209,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,28]],"date-time":"2025-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738022400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>With the changes in modern life, hyperuricemia (HUA) has become a serious universal health issue, leading to rising morbidity and mortality. Characterized by elevated levels of UA, HUA has become an independent risk factor for gout, chronic kidney disease, insulin resistance, cardiovascular disease, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, etc. As HUA is a metabolic syndrome, the immune response is likely to play an active role throughout the whole process. Moreover, macrophages, as an indispensable component of the immune system, may serve as a promising target for addressing hyperuricemia-induced inflammation. Along with their precursor cells, monocytes, macrophages play a key role in the pathogenesis of HUA, primarily through three specific aspects, all of which are associated with inflammatory cytokines. The first mechanism involves direct action on urate transporters, such as URAT1 and ABCG2. The second mechanism is the modulation of inflammation, including targeting toll-like receptors (TLRs) and the NOD-, LRR-, and pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome. The third mechanism pertains to the effects on oxidative stress mediators. In this review, we summarize the underlying mechanisms of hyperuricemia, focusing on the effects of macrophages, therapeutic approaches, and clinical trials addressing hyperuricemia-caused dysfunction. Additionally, we highlight directions for future development, aiming to support future theoretical studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1512093","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,28]],"date-time":"2025-01-28T06:43:04Z","timestamp":1738046584000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Hyperuricemia-induced complications: dysfunctional macrophages serve as a potential bridge"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Wenyi","family":"Gu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiajing","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.995582","article-title":"Recent progress and perspectives on the relationship between hyperuricemia and periodontitis","volume":"13","author":"Hou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.40807","article-title":"Contemporary prevalence of gout and hyperuricemia in the United States and decadal trends: the national health and nutrition examination survey, 2007-2016","volume":"71","author":"Chen-Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2020.03.054","article-title":"Elevated uric acid prevalence and clinical outcomes in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: insights from RELAX","volume":"133","author":"Carnicelli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"F1327","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00272.2019","article-title":"Uric acid and inflammation in kidney disease","volume":"318","author":"Jung","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Renal Physiol"},{"key":"B5","article-title":"Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 359 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017","volume":"392","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.82607","article-title":"Hepatocyte HSPA12A inhibits macrophage chemotaxis and activation to attenuate liver ischemia\/reperfusion injury via suppressing glycolysis-mediated HMGB1 lactylation and secretion of hepatocytes","volume":"13","author":"Du","year":"2023","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-019-0215-7","article-title":"DAMP-sensing receptors in sterile inflammation and inflammatory diseases","volume":"20","author":"Gong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pathmechdis-012419-032847","article-title":"DAMPs, PAMPs, and LAMPs in immunity and sterile inflammation","volume":"15","author":"Zindel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Annu Rev Pathol"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9050387","article-title":"Higher blood uric acid in female humans and mice as a protective factor against pathophysiological decline of lung function","volume":"9","author":"Fujikawa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antioxidants (Basel)"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39884","DOI":"10.1038\/srep39884","article-title":"Soluble uric acid activates the NLRP3 inflammasome","volume":"7","author":"Braga","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI59643","article-title":"Macrophage plasticity and polarization: in vivo veritas","volume":"122","author":"Sica","year":"2012","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Invest"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-physiol-022516-034339","article-title":"Macrophage polarization","volume":"79","author":"Murray","year":"2017","journal-title":"Annu Rev Physiol"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E827","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00378.2020","article-title":"New insights into purine metabolism in metabolic diseases: role of xanthine oxidoreductase activity","volume":"319","author":"Furuhashi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108615","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2024.108615","article-title":"Uric acid in health and disease: From physiological functions to pathogenic mechanisms","volume":"256","author":"Wen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biom10040576","article-title":"Uric acid has direct proinflammatory effects on human macrophages by increasing proinflammatory mediators and bacterial phagocytosis probably via URAT1","volume":"10","author":"Mart\u00ednez-Reyes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.06.013","article-title":"Origin and functions of tissue macrophages","volume":"41","author":"Epelman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2016.02.024","article-title":"Tissue-resident macrophage ontogeny and homeostasis","volume":"44","author":"Ginhoux","year":"2016","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1796","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.04.018","article-title":"Analysis of genetically diverse macrophages reveals local and domain-wide mechanisms that control transcription factor binding and function","volume":"173","author":"Link","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345838","DOI":"10.1155\/2009\/345838","article-title":"Leptin enhances synthesis of proinflammatory mediators in human osteoarthritic cartilage\u2013mediator role of NO in leptin-induced PGE2, IL-6, and IL-8 production","volume":"2009","author":"Vuolteenaho","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mediators Inflammation"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01084","article-title":"Macrophage Polarization: Different Gene Signatures in M1(LPS+) vs. Classically and M2(LPS-) vs. Alternatively Activated Macrophages","volume":"10","author":"Orecchioni","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2021.114123","article-title":"Simiao Wan attenuates monosodium urate crystal-induced arthritis in rats through contributing to macrophage M2 polarization","volume":"275","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-019-0334-3","article-title":"Asymptomatic hyperuricaemia: a silent activator of the innate immune system","volume":"16","author":"Joosten","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Rheumatol"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2014-206564","article-title":"Soluble uric acid primes TLR-induced proinflammatory cytokine production by human primary cells via inhibition of IL-1Ra","volume":"75","author":"Cri\u015fan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-081022-021207","article-title":"Structural mechanisms of NLRP3 inflammasome assembly and activation","volume":"41","author":"Fu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41440-023-01391-y","article-title":"Inhibition of the uric acid efflux transporter ABCG2 enhances stimulating effect of soluble uric acid on IL-1\u03b2 production in murine macrophage-like J774.1 cells","volume":"46","author":"Notsu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hypertens Res"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-021-03445-w","article-title":"Sensing soluble uric acid by Naip1-Nlrp3 platform","volume":"12","author":"Braga","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/dmm.048041","article-title":"Hyperuricemia causes kidney damage by promoting autophagy and NLRP3-mediated inflammation in rats with urate oxidase deficiency","volume":"14","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dis Model Mech"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.858494","article-title":"Blockade of autophagy prevents the progression of hyperuricemic nephropathy through inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated pyroptosis","volume":"13","author":"Hu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7378","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-86962-0","article-title":"Uric acid shown to contribute to increased oxidative stress level independent of xanthine oxidoreductase activity in MedCity21 health examination registry","volume":"11","author":"Kurajoh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6555","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms7555","article-title":"Xanthine oxidoreductase regulates macrophage IL1\u03b2 secretion upon NLRP3 inflammasome activation","volume":"6","author":"Ives","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10030537","article-title":"Cell death and inflammation: the role of mitochondria in health and disease","volume":"10","author":"Picca","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12833","article-title":"Urate-induced immune programming: Consequences for gouty arthritis and hyperuricemia","volume":"294","author":"Cab\u0103u","year":"2020","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kes326","article-title":"Hyperuricaemia elevates circulating CCL2 levels and primes monocyte trafficking in subjects with inter-critical gout","volume":"52","author":"Grainger","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rheumatol (Oxford)"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.2000319","article-title":"Soluble uric acid is an intrinsic negative regulator of monocyte activation in monosodium urate crystal-induced tissue inflammation","volume":"205","author":"Ma","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1620910114","article-title":"Uric acid priming in human monocytes is driven by the AKT-PRAS40 autophagy pathway","volume":"114","author":"Cri\u015fan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U.S.A"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI83470","article-title":"FGF23 signaling impairs neutrophil recruitment and host defense during CKD","volume":"126","author":"Rossaint","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.v72.11","article-title":"Prevalence, incidence, and years lived with disability due to gout and its attributable risk factors for 195 countries and territories 1990-2017: A systematic analysis of the global burden of disease study 2017","volume":"72","author":"Safiri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-019-0115-y","article-title":"Gout","volume":"5","author":"Dalbeth","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10081919","article-title":"Lower temperatures exacerbate NLRP3 inflammasome activation by promoting monosodium urate crystallization, causing gout","volume":"10","author":"Ahn","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B40","article-title":"Monosodium urate crystal-induced pyroptotic cell death in neutrophil and macrophage facilitates the pathological progress of gout","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/icb.2009.89","article-title":"Innate inflammation and resolution in acute gout","volume":"88","author":"Martin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Immunol Cell Biol"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.ai.2016.12.001","article-title":"Macrophages and mitochondria: A critical interplay between metabolism, signaling, and the functional activity","volume":"133","author":"Tur","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv Immunol"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/mcp.M112.024661","article-title":"Monosodium urate activates Src\/Pyk2\/PI3 kinase and cathepsin dependent unconventional protein secretion from human primary macrophages","volume":"12","author":"V\u00e4lim\u00e4ki","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol Cell Proteomics"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113752","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2024.113752","article-title":"SERTAD1 initiates NLRP3-mediated inflammasome activation through restricting NLRP3 polyubiquitination","volume":"43","author":"Ha","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2022015384","article-title":"TET2-mutant clonal hematopoiesis and risk of gout","volume":"140","author":"Agrawal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1386","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2022.06.022","article-title":"DNA methyltransferase 3 alpha and TET methylcytosine dioxygenase 2 restrain mitochondrial DNA-mediated interferon signaling in macrophages","volume":"55","author":"Cobo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-022-07378-1","article-title":"Kv1.5 channel mediates monosodium urate-induced activation of NLRP3 inflammasome in macrophages and arrhythmogenic effects of urate on cardiomyocytes","volume":"49","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol Biol Rep"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1307739","article-title":"A novel NLRP3 inhibitor as a therapeutic agent against monosodium urate-induced gout","volume":"14","author":"Park","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2021-220295","article-title":"Mechanosensitive TRPV4 is required for crystal-induced inflammation","volume":"80","author":"Lan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2020-217342","article-title":"Gout and pseudo-gout-related crystals promote GLUT1-mediated glycolysis that governs NLRP3 and interleukin-1\u03b2 activation on macrophages","volume":"79","author":"Renaudin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI94584","article-title":"Blocking fatty acid-fueled mROS production within macrophages alleviates acute gouty inflammation","volume":"128","author":"Hall","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41374-022-00798-4","article-title":"Distinct macrophage polarization in acute and chronic gout","volume":"102","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lab Invest"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keac009","article-title":"IL-37 blocks gouty inflammation by shaping macrophages into a non-inflammatory phagocytic phenotype","volume":"61","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rheumatol (Oxford)"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.202149724","article-title":"NLRP3 inflammasome triggers interleukin-37 release from human monocytes","volume":"52","author":"Gritsenko","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0300582","article-title":"Correlation analysis of serum TLR4 protein levels and TLR4 gene polymorphisms in gouty arthritis patients","volume":"19","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.21238","article-title":"Innate immunity conferred by Toll-like receptors 2 and 4 and myeloid differentiation factor 88 expression is pivotal to monosodium urate monohydrate crystal-induced inflammation","volume":"52","author":"Liu-Bryan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5647074","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/5647074","article-title":"Inhibition of triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cell-1 alleviates acute gouty inflammation","volume":"2019","author":"He","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mediators Inflammation"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.38369","article-title":"Myeloid-related proteins 8 and 14 contribute to monosodium urate monohydrate crystal-induced inflammation in gout","volume":"66","author":"Holzinger","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-024-03335-4","article-title":"Deficiency of histone deacetylases 3 in macrophage alleviates monosodium urate crystals-induced gouty inflammation in mice","volume":"26","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ph16030446","article-title":"Histone deacetylase 6 inhibitor CKD-WID suppressed monosodium urate-induced osteoclast formation by blocking calcineurin-NFAT pathway in RAW 264.7 cells","volume":"16","author":"Kim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pharm (Basel)"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00109-014-1236-0","article-title":"Cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase II is necessary for macrophage M1 polarization and phagocytosis via toll-like receptor 2","volume":"93","author":"Liao","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Mol Med (Berl)"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ard-2022-222764","article-title":"Type II collagen facilitates gouty arthritis by regulating MSU crystallisation and inflammatory cell recruitment","volume":"82","author":"Xu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-018-1693-x","article-title":"Recombinant human proteoglycan-4 reduces phagocytosis of urate crystals and downstream nuclear factor kappa B and inflammasome activation and production of cytokines and chemokines in human and murine macrophages","volume":"20","author":"Qadri","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.33908","article-title":"Nerve modulation therapy in gouty arthritis: targeting increased sFRP2 expression in dorsal root ganglion regulates macrophage polarization and alleviates endothelial damage","volume":"9","author":"Mei","year":"2019","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.v179.18","article-title":"RvD1 disrupts nociceptor neuron and macrophage activation and neuroimmune communication, reducing pain and inflammation in gouty arthritis in mice","volume":"179","author":"Zaninelli","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sfad006","article-title":"Asymptomatic hyperuricaemia in chronic kidney disease: mechanisms and clinical implications","volume":"16","author":"Anders","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Kidney J"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6251","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-10118-x","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis of the association between uric acid levels and chronic kidney disease","volume":"12","author":"Gon\u00e7alves","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2020040523","article-title":"Only Hyperuricemia with Crystalluria, but not Asymptomatic Hyperuricemia, Drives Progression of Chronic Kidney Disease","volume":"31","author":"Sellmayr","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2023.112131","article-title":"Platelet-instructed SPP1(+) macrophages drive myofibroblast activation in fibrosis in a CXCL4-dependent manner","volume":"42","author":"Hoeft","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.v237.1","article-title":"Myeloid PTEN deficiency aggravates renal inflammation and fibrosis in angiotensin II-induced hypertension","volume":"237","author":"An","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Cell Physiol"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4297","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-40086-3","article-title":"HCK induces macrophage activation to promote renal inflammation and fibrosis via suppression of autophagy","volume":"14","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mco2.v5.7","article-title":"Integrin \u03b1M promotes macrophage alternative M2 polarization in hyperuricemia-related chronic kidney disease","volume":"5","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"MedComm (2020)"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2301041","DOI":"10.1080\/0886022X.2023.2301041","article-title":"Disparity of serum uric acid threshold for CKD among hypertensive and non-hypertensive individuals","volume":"46","author":"Zhu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ren Fail"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.123.21367","article-title":"Kidney renin-angiotensin system: lost in a RAS cascade","volume":"81","author":"Crowley","year":"2024","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2019.02.009","article-title":"MicroRNA-34a promotes renal fibrosis by downregulation of klotho in tubular epithelial cells","volume":"27","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol Ther"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41418-021-00874-0","article-title":"The E3 ubiquitin ligase TRIM31 plays a critical role in hypertensive nephropathy by promoting proteasomal degradation of MAP3K7 in the TGF-\u03b21 signaling pathway","volume":"29","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.870627","article-title":"Repositioning of the angiotensin II receptor antagonist candesartan as an anti-inflammatory agent with NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitory activity","volume":"13","author":"Lin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2016.08.010","article-title":"Enhanced alpha-kinase 1 accelerates multiple early nephropathies in streptozotocin-induced hyperglycemic mice","volume":"1862","author":"Kuo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2022.06.026","article-title":"Angiopoietin-2 inhibition attenuates kidney fibrosis by hindering chemokine C-C motif ligand 2 expression and apoptosis of endothelial cells","volume":"102","author":"Chang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/M23-1023","article-title":"Impact of finerenone-induced albuminuria reduction on chronic kidney disease outcomes in type 2 diabetes: A mediation analysis","volume":"176","author":"Agarwal","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"F505","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00565.2020","article-title":"DPP4 inhibition mitigates ANG II-mediated kidney immune activation and injury in male mice","volume":"320","author":"Nistala","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Renal Physiol"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-024-01826-9","article-title":"Gut microbiota dysbiosis in hyperuricaemia promotes renal injury through the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome","volume":"12","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2022.106161","article-title":"Pharmacological targeting macrophage phenotype via gut-kidney axis ameliorates renal fibrosis in mice","volume":"178","author":"Xie","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23052511","article-title":"Uremia-Induced Gut Barrier Defect in 5\/6 Nephrectomized Mice Is Worsened by Candida Administration through a Synergy of Uremic Toxin, Lipopolysaccharide, and (1\u27943)-\u03b2-D-Glucan, but Is Attenuated by Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus L34","volume":"23","author":"Tungsanga","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.804306","article-title":"Alteration of gut microbiome and correlated amino acid metabolism contribute to hyperuricemia and th17-driven inflammation in uox-KO mice","volume":"13","author":"Song","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D1FO01884A","article-title":"The gut microbiota mediates the protective effects of anserine supplementation on hyperuricaemia and associated renal inflammation","volume":"12","author":"Han","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Funct"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.56424","article-title":"Bovine serum albumin aggravates macrophage M1 activation and kidney injury in heterozygous Klotho-deficient mice via the gut microbiota-immune axis","volume":"17","author":"Lai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Biol Sci"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D2FO03701G","article-title":"Lactobacillus fermentum F40-4 ameliorates hyperuricemia by modulating the gut microbiota and alleviating inflammation in mice","volume":"14","author":"Cao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Funct"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.11209","article-title":"Lactobacillus reuteri TSR332 and Lactobacillus fermentum TSF331 stabilize serum uric acid levels and prevent hyperuricemia in rats","volume":"9","author":"Kuo","year":"2021","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D0FO03199B","article-title":"Chlorogenic acid supplementation ameliorates hyperuricemia, relieves renal inflammation, and modulates intestinal homeostasis","volume":"12","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Funct"},{"key":"B91","article-title":"Association of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease with serum uric acid","volume":"31","author":"Abbasi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/FJC.0000000000000406","article-title":"Curcumin lowers serum lipids and uric acid in subjects with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"68","author":"Panahi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Pharmacol"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2017.11","article-title":"Liver macrophages in tissue homeostasis and disease","volume":"17","author":"Krenkel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI121842","article-title":"STING-mediated inflammation in Kupffer cells contributes to progression of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"129","author":"Yu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2019.05.015","article-title":"Apigenin ameliorates HFD-induced NAFLD through regulation of the XO\/NLRP3 pathways","volume":"71","author":"Lv","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Nutr Biochem"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2021.12.012","article-title":"Macrophage scavenger receptor 1 mediates lipid-induced inflammation in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"76","author":"Govaere","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109895","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.109895","article-title":"Scoparone improves hepatic inflammation and autophagy in mice with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis by regulating the ROS\/P38\/Nrf2 axis and PI3K\/AKT\/mTOR pathway in macrophages","volume":"125","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"BioMed Pharmacother"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/path.v252.4","article-title":"Cathelicidin-related antimicrobial peptide alleviates alcoholic liver disease through inhibiting inflammasome activation","volume":"252","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Pathol"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12040637","article-title":"Limosilactobacillus reuteri HCS02-001 Attenuates Hyperuricemia through Gut Microbiota-Dependent Regulation of Uric Acid Biosynthesis and Excretion","volume":"12","author":"Hussain","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-015-0552-7","article-title":"Progression of non-alcoholic steatosis to steatohepatitis and fibrosis parallels cumulative accumulation of danger signals that promote inflammation and liver tumors in a high fat-cholesterol-sugar diet model in mice","volume":"13","author":"Ganz","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2018.01.019","article-title":"Fructose and sugar: A major mediator of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"68","author":"Jensen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s42255-020-0261-2","article-title":"Fructose stimulated de novo lipogenesis is promoted by inflammation","volume":"2","author":"Todoric","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Metab"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6672636","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/6672636","article-title":"High-fructose diet increases inflammatory cytokines and alters gut microbiota composition in rats","volume":"2020","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mediators Inflammation"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40292-023-00602-4","article-title":"The results of the URRAH (Uric acid right for heart health) project: A focus on hyperuricemia in relation to cardiovascular and kidney disease and its role in metabolic dysregulation","volume":"30","author":"Maloberti","year":"2023","journal-title":"High Blood Press Cardiovasc Prev"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.niox.2013.04.003","article-title":"Uric acid attenuates nitric oxide production by decreasing the interaction between endothelial nitric oxide synthase and calmodulin in human umbilical vein endothelial cells: a mechanism for uric acid-induced cardiovascular disease development","volume":"32","author":"Park","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nitric Oxide"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15384101.2019.1662678","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular traps induced by IL-8 aggravate atherosclerosis via activation NF-\u03baB signaling in macrophages","volume":"18","author":"An","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Cycle"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hipert.2021.11.003","article-title":"Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and hypertension: An overview","volume":"39","author":"Cortez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hipertens Riesgo Vasc"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/ijmm.2016.2491","article-title":"Uric acid enhances PKC-dependent eNOS phosphorylation and mediates cellular ER stress: A mechanism for uric acid-induced endothelial dysfunction","volume":"37","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Mol Med"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3904\/kjim.2020.340","article-title":"Role of asymptomatic hyperuricemia in the progression of chronic kidney disease and cardiovascular disease","volume":"36","author":"Waheed","year":"2021","journal-title":"Korean J Intern Med"},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9304383","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/9304383","article-title":"High level of uric acid promotes atherosclerosis by targeting NRF2-mediated autophagy dysfunction and ferroptosis","volume":"2022","author":"Yu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Oxid Med Cell Longev"},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000452567","article-title":"High uric acid activates the ROS-AMPK pathway, impairs CD68 expression and inhibits oxLDL-induced foam-cell formation in a human monocytic cell line, THP-1","volume":"40","author":"Luo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Physiol Biochem"},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.854849","article-title":"Modulation of the gut microbiota by fufang-zhenzhu-tiaozhi capsule attenuates hypertension induced by a high-fructose and high-salt diet","volume":"12","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2017.06.006","article-title":"Uric acid promotes vascular stiffness, maladaptive inflammatory responses and proteinuria in western diet fed mice","volume":"74","author":"Aroor","year":"2017","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.114.04737","article-title":"Uric acid promotes left ventricular diastolic dysfunction in mice fed a Western diet","volume":"65","author":"Jia","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.51.4.1118","article-title":"Xanthine oxidase is involved in free radical production in type 1 diabetes: protection by allopurinol","volume":"51","author":"Desco","year":"2002","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3889\/oamjms.2018.375","article-title":"Association between Haemoglobin A1c and Uric Acid Levels among Patients with Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 at a Primary Health Care Clinic in North Sumatera, Indonesia","volume":"6","author":"Rusdiana","year":"2018","journal-title":"Open Access Maced J Med Sci"},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101609","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2022.101609","article-title":"Hepatic glycerol shunt and glycerol-3-phosphate phosphatase control liver metabolism and glucodetoxification under hyperglycemia","volume":"66","author":"Al-Mass","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol Metab"},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_1833_21","article-title":"Association between serum uric acid with diabetes and other biochemical markers","volume":"11","author":"Alqahtani","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Family Med Prim Care"},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000343567","article-title":"Reducing serum uric acid attenuates TGF-\u03b21-induced profibrogenic progression in type 2 diabetic nephropathy","volume":"121","author":"Kim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nephron Exp Nephrol"},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2021.11.034","article-title":"Silencing TXNIP ameliorates high uric acid-induced insulin resistance via the IRS2\/AKT and Nrf2\/HO-1 pathways in macrophages","volume":"178","author":"Yu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9973862","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/9973862","article-title":"Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT-2) attenuates serum uric acid (SUA) level in patients with type 2 diabetes","volume":"2021","author":"Hussain","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Diabetes Res"},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101411","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2021.101411","article-title":"URAT1-selective inhibition ameliorates insulin resistance by attenuating diet-induced hepatic steatosis and brown adipose tissue whitening in mice","volume":"55","author":"Tanaka","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol Metab"},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.931087","article-title":"Hyperuricemia contributes to glucose intolerance of hepatic inflammatory macrophages and impairs the insulin signaling pathway via IRS2-proteasome degradation","volume":"13","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3201534","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/3201534","article-title":"Teneligliptin decreases uric acid levels by reducing xanthine dehydrogenase expression in white adipose tissue of male wistar rats","volume":"2016","author":"Moriya","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Diabetes Res"},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2013-1920","article-title":"Prevention of obesity-induced renal injury in male mice by DPP4 inhibition","volume":"155","author":"Nistala","year":"2014","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.v150.2","article-title":"High serum uric acid may associate with the increased risk of colorectal cancer in females: A prospective cohort study","volume":"150","author":"Mi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"B127","first-page":"9","article-title":"Serum uric Acid levels in oral cancer patients seen at tertiary institution in Nigeria","volume":"10","author":"Lawal","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann Ib Postgrad Med"},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110056","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2023.110056","article-title":"High uric acid aggravates apoptosis of lung epithelial cells induced by cigarette smoke extract through downregulating PRDX2 in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"118","author":"Dong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2017.10.011","article-title":"Effects of sodium reduction and the DASH diet in relation to baseline blood pressure","volume":"70","author":"Juraschek","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-017-3613-x","article-title":"DASH diet and change in serum uric acid over time","volume":"36","author":"Tang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Rheumatol"},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc20-1002","article-title":"Effects of low-fat, mediterranean, or low-carbohydrate weight loss diets on serum urate and cardiometabolic risk factors: A secondary analysis of the dietary intervention randomized controlled trial (DIRECT)","volume":"43","author":"Yokose","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100777","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2022.100777","article-title":"Time-restricted eating with or without low-carbohydrate diet reduces visceral fat and improves metabolic syndrome: A randomized trial","volume":"3","author":"He","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Rep Med"},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15257770.2018.1469760","article-title":"Lactobacillus gasseri PA-3, but not L. gasseri OLL2996, reduces the absorption of purine nucleosides in rats","volume":"37","author":"Kano","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nucleosides Nucleotides Nucleic Acids"},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/jmf.2013.2991","article-title":"Effects of chicory inulin on serum metabolites of uric acid, lipids, glucose, and abdominal fat deposition in quails induced by purine-rich diets","volume":"17","author":"Lin","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Med Food"},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-57784-3","article-title":"Xanthine oxidase inhibition attenuates insulin resistance and diet-induced steatohepatitis in mice","volume":"10","author":"Nishikawa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17314","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-53965-x","article-title":"Febuxostat, a xanthine oxidoreductase inhibitor, decreases NLRP3-dependent inflammation in macrophages by activating the purine salvage pathway and restoring cellular bioenergetics","volume":"9","author":"Nomura","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00569-9","article-title":"Gout","volume":"397","author":"Dalbeth","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-018-2917-8","article-title":"Yellow-dragon Wonderful-seed Formula\u201d for hyperuricemia in gout patients with dampness-heat pouring downward pattern: a pilot randomized controlled trial","volume":"19","author":"Yu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trials"},{"key":"B139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2024.1296075","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory and uric acid lowering effects of Euodiae fructus on hyperuricemia and gout mice","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"B140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R28","DOI":"10.1186\/ar2143","article-title":"A pilot study of IL-1 inhibition by anakinra in acute gout","volume":"9","author":"So","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther"},{"key":"B141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/M18-1167","article-title":"Relationship of interleukin-1\u03b2 Blockade with incident gout and serum uric acid levels: exploratory analysis of a randomized controlled trial","volume":"169","author":"Solomon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"B142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202304123","article-title":"M2 macrophage hybrid membrane-camouflaged targeted biomimetic nanosomes to reprogram inflammatory microenvironment for enhanced enzyme-thermo-immunotherapy","volume":"35","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv Mater"},{"key":"B143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2020.04.010","article-title":"Therapeutic approaches in the treatment of gout","volume":"50","author":"Pillinger","year":"2020","journal-title":"Semin Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"B144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.24180","article-title":"2020 American college of rheumatology guideline for the management of gout","volume":"72","author":"FitzGerald","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken)"},{"key":"B145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2014-205312","article-title":"Attenuating the mortality risk of high serum uric acid: the role of physical activity underused","volume":"74","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"B146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.888392","article-title":"Systematic review of safety and efficacy of IL-1-targeted biologics in treating immune-mediated disorders","volume":"13","author":"Arnold","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.24339","article-title":"Incidence, prevalence, and burden of gout in the veterans health administration","volume":"73","author":"Helget","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken)"},{"key":"B148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19031042","article-title":"The association between serum uric acid levels and 10-year cardiovascular disease risk in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease patients","volume":"19","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"B149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D2BM01836E","article-title":"Transdermal delivery of allopurinol to acute hyperuricemic mice via polymer microneedles for the regulation of serum uric acid levels","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomater Sci"},{"key":"B150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9894","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-88872-7","article-title":"Allopurinol ameliorates high fructose diet induced hepatic steatosis in diabetic rats through modulation of lipid metabolism, inflammation, and ER stress pathway","volume":"11","author":"Cho","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9326","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-65706-6","article-title":"Cardio-renal protective effect of the xanthine oxidase inhibitor febuxostat in the 5\/6 nephrectomy model with hyperuricemia","volume":"10","author":"Omizo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20194680","article-title":"Xanthine oxidase inhibitor febuxostat exerts an anti-inflammatory action and protects against diabetic nephropathy development in KK-ay obese diabetic mice","volume":"20","author":"Mizuno","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.121.022712","article-title":"Increased lung uric acid deteriorates pulmonary arterial hypertension","volume":"10","author":"Watanabe","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"key":"B154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/db18-0912","article-title":"Monosodium urate contributes to retinal inflammation and progression of diabetic retinopathy","volume":"68","author":"Thounaojam","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"B155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt.v112.3","article-title":"Blockade of organic anion transport in humans after treatment with the drug probenecid leads to major metabolic alterations in plasma and urine","volume":"112","author":"Granados","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"B156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.v234.7","article-title":"Uric acid and angiotensin II additively promote inflammation and oxidative stress in human proximal tubule cells by activation of toll-like receptor 4","volume":"234","author":"Milanesi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Cell Physiol"},{"key":"B157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10799893.2016.1203941","article-title":"Uric acid stimulates proliferative pathways in vascular smooth muscle cells through the activation of p38 MAPK, p44\/42 MAPK and PDGFR\u03b2","volume":"37","author":"K\u0131r\u00e7a","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Recept Signal Transduct Res"},{"key":"B158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/prp2.291","article-title":"Uricosuric targets of tranilast","volume":"5","author":"Mandal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res Perspect"},{"key":"B159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21207444","article-title":"The crucial role of xanthine oxidase in CKD progression associated with hypercholesterolemia","volume":"21","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.777522","article-title":"The anti-inflammatory and uric acid lowering effects of si-miao-san on gout","volume":"12","author":"Cao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2016.12.031","article-title":"Berberine, an isoquinoline alkaloid suppresses TXNIP mediated NLRP3 inflammasome activation in MSU crystal stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages through the upregulation of Nrf2 transcription factor and alleviates MSU crystal induced inflammation in rats","volume":"44","author":"Dinesh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"B162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2018.05.010","article-title":"Inhibition of COX-2\/mPGES-1 and 5-LOX in macrophages by leonurine ameliorates monosodium urate crystal-induced inflammation","volume":"351","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Toxicol Appl Pharmacol"},{"key":"B163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1142\/S0192415X19500071","article-title":"Rhein, an anthraquinone drug, suppresses the NLRP3 inflammasome and macrophage activation in urate crystal-induced gouty inflammation","volume":"47","author":"Chang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Chin Med"},{"key":"B164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152772","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2018.11.032","article-title":"Protective effects of Rhizoma smilacis glabrae extracts on potassium oxonate- and monosodium urate-induced hyperuricemia and gout in mice","volume":"59","author":"Liang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"B165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14132666","article-title":"Tea (Camellia sinensis) Ameliorates Hyperuricemia via Uric Acid Metabolic Pathways and Gut Microbiota","volume":"14","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3086106","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/3086106","article-title":"Beneficial effects of macroporous resin extract of dendrobium candidum leaves in rats with hyperuricemia induced by a high-purine diet","volume":"2020","author":"Lou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Evid Based Complement Alternat Med"},{"key":"B167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C9FO00509A","article-title":"Effect of lemon water soluble extract on hyperuricemia in a mouse model","volume":"10","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Funct"},{"key":"B168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13813455.2021.1899242","article-title":"Spexin alleviates hypertension, hyperuricaemia, dyslipidemia and insulin resistance in high fructose diet induced metabolic syndrome in rats via enhancing PPAR-\u0263 and AMPK and inhibiting IL-6 and TNF-\u03b1","volume":"129","author":"Said","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arch Physiol Biochem"},{"key":"B169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.907952","article-title":"Folic acid and zinc improve hyperuricemia by altering the gut microbiota of rats with high-purine diet-induced hyperuricemia","volume":"13","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"B170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2022.106350","article-title":"Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus Fmb14 prevents purine induced hyperuricemia and alleviate renal fibrosis through gut-kidney axis","volume":"182","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res"},{"key":"B171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120751","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2022.120751","article-title":"Ellagic acid ameliorates high fructose-induced hyperuricemia and non-alcoholic fatty liver in Wistar rats: Focusing on the role of C1q\/tumor necrosis factor-related protein-3 and ATP citrate lyase","volume":"305","author":"Elseweidy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"B172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-023-01605-y","article-title":"Lactiplantibacillus plantarum enables blood urate control in mice through degradation of nucleosides in gastrointestinal tract","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"B173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-020-02414-x","article-title":"Inulin supplementation ameliorates hyperuricemia and modulates gut microbiota in Uox-knockout mice","volume":"60","author":"Guo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Nutr"},{"key":"B174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1750-3841.15803","article-title":"Vitamin C alleviates hyperuricemia nephropathy by reducing inflammation and fibrosis","volume":"86","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Food Sci"},{"key":"B175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1454305","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/1454305","article-title":"Effects of tart cherry powder on serum uric acid in hyperuricemia rat model","volume":"2020","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Evid Based Complement Alternat Med"},{"key":"B176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biology12020329","article-title":"Alleviation of hyperuricemia by strictinin in AML12 mouse hepatocytes treated with xanthine and in mice treated with potassium oxonate","volume":"12","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biol (Basel)"},{"key":"B177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13103323","article-title":"Eggshell membrane ameliorates hyperuricemia by increasing urate excretion in potassium oxonate-injected rats","volume":"13","author":"Sung","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-021-05872-8","article-title":"Early versus Late Allopurinol Initiation in Acute Gout Flare (ELAG): a randomized controlled trial","volume":"41","author":"Satpanich","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Rheumatol"},{"key":"B179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.42160","article-title":"Evaluation of the relationship between serum urate levels, clinical manifestations of gout, and death from cardiovascular causes in patients receiving febuxostat or allopurinol in an outcomes trial","volume":"74","author":"Saag","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"key":"B180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2021.11.076","article-title":"Effect of febuxostat on clinical outcomes in patients with hyperuricemia and cardiovascular disease","volume":"349","author":"Konishi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"key":"B181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.v74.12","article-title":"Superiority of low-dose benzbromarone to low-dose febuxostat in a prospective, randomized comparative effectiveness trial in gout patients with renal uric acid underexcretion","volume":"74","author":"Yan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"key":"B182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2020.09.009","article-title":"Effect of intensive urate lowering with combined verinurad and febuxostat on albuminuria in patients with type 2 diabetes: A randomized trial","volume":"77","author":"Stack","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"B183","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-021-05045-4","article-title":"Effects of losartan and enalapril on serum uric acid and GFR in children with proteinuria","volume":"36","author":"Bryant","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"key":"B184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000003484","article-title":"Urate-lowering drugs for chronic kidney disease with asymptomatic hyperuricemia and hypertension: a randomized trial","volume":"41","author":"Kohagura","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"key":"B185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3784","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-07737-9","article-title":"Urate-lowering therapy for CKD patients with asymptomatic hyperuricemia without proteinuria elucidated by attribute-based research in the FEATHER Study","volume":"12","author":"Kataoka","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2016050521","article-title":"Vascular function and uric acid-lowering in stage 3 CKD","volume":"28","author":"Jalal","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"B187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0181100","article-title":"A double blind placebo controlled randomized trial of the effect of acute uric acid changes on inflammatory markers in humans: A pilot study","volume":"12","author":"Tanaka","year":"2017","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000471893","article-title":"Effect of febuxostat on the endothelial dysfunction in hemodialysis patients: A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blinded study","volume":"45","author":"Alshahawey","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Nephrol"},{"key":"B189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JIM.0000000000000242","article-title":"Lowering uric acid with allopurinol improves insulin resistance and systemic inflammation in asymptomatic hyperuricemia","volume":"63","author":"Takir","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Investig Med"},{"key":"B190","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)32234-0","article-title":"Long-term cardiovascular safety of febuxostat compared with allopurinol in patients with gout (FAST): a multicentre, prospective, randomised, open-label, non-inferiority trial","volume":"396","author":"Mackenzie","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B191","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keab231","article-title":"Effects of fenofibrate therapy on renal function in primary gout patients","volume":"60","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rheumatol (Oxford)"},{"key":"B192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.2337\/dc19-0641","article-title":"Empagliflozin effectively lowers liver fat content in well-controlled type 2 diabetes: A randomized, double-blind, phase 4, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"43","author":"Kahl","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"B193","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"j1794","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.j1794","article-title":"The Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet, Western diet, and risk of gout in men: prospective cohort study","volume":"357","author":"Rai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bmj"},{"key":"B194","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfr223","article-title":"Low-fructose diet lowers blood pressure and inflammation in patients with chronic kidney disease","volume":"27","author":"Brymora","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"B195","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.716802","article-title":"The effect of low and moderate exercise on hyperuricemia: protocol for a randomized controlled study","volume":"12","author":"Hou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"B196","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqaa424","article-title":"Effects of dietary macronutrients on serum urate: results from the OmniHeart trial","volume":"113","author":"Belanger","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"B197","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-022-02711-z","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of a low-sodium diet and spironolactone in patients with stage 1-3a chronic kidney disease: a pilot study","volume":"23","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Nephrol"},{"key":"B198","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.v68.12","article-title":"Effects of the dietary approaches to stop hypertension (DASH) diet and sodium intake on serum uric acid","volume":"68","author":"Juraschek","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"key":"B199","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-021-05625-7","article-title":"Acute effect of green tea catechins on uric acid metabolism after alcohol ingestion in Japanese men","volume":"40","author":"Kawakami","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Rheumatol"},{"key":"B200","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000020234","article-title":"Clinical trial for conventional medicine integrated with traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) in the treatment of patients with chronic kidney disease","volume":"99","author":"Xi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med (Baltimore)"},{"key":"B201","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.v22.11","article-title":"Vitamin D for treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease detected by transient elastography: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"22","author":"Lukenda Zanko","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab"},{"key":"B202","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.200460","article-title":"Pegloticase in combination with methotrexate in patients with uncontrolled gout: A multicenter, open-label study (MIRROR)","volume":"48","author":"Botson","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"B203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-016-1107-x","article-title":"Lesinurad, a novel, oral compound for gout, acts to decrease serum uric acid through inhibition of urate transporters in the kidney","volume":"18","author":"Miner","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther"},{"key":"B204","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.116.08488","article-title":"Effect of uric acid-lowering agents on endothelial function: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"69","author":"Borgi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"B205","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(18)30029-9","article-title":"Effect of fenofibrate on uric acid and gout in type 2 diabetes: a post-hoc analysis of the randomised, controlled FIELD study","volume":"6","author":"Waldman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"key":"B206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10157-018-1530-1","article-title":"Uric acid-lowering and renoprotective effects of topiroxostat, a selective xanthine oxidoreductase inhibitor, in patients with diabetic nephropathy and hyperuricemia: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study (UPWARD study)","volume":"22","author":"Wada","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Exp Nephrol"},{"key":"B207","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kex350","article-title":"Lesinurad monotherapy in gout patients intolerant to a xanthine oxidase inhibitor: a 6 month phase 3 clinical trial and extension study","volume":"56","author":"Tausche","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rheumatol (Oxford)"},{"key":"B208","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-023-03152-1","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of tart cherry supplementary citrate mixture on gout patients: a prospective, randomized, controlled study","volume":"25","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther"},{"key":"B209","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MJT.0000000000000284","article-title":"Combination therapies of diacerein and febuxostat inhibit IL-1\u03b2 Responses and improve clinical symptoms in patients with refractory gout","volume":"24","author":"Yu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Ther"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1512093\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,28]],"date-time":"2025-01-28T06:43:12Z","timestamp":1738046592000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1512093\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,28]]},"references-count":209,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1512093"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1512093","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,28]]},"article-number":"1512093"}}