{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T11:06:39Z","timestamp":1788865599272,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,12]],"date-time":"2025-02-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739318400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The posttranslational modification of cellular macromolecules by glycosylation is considered to contribute to disease pathogenesis in autoimmune and inflammatory conditions. In a subgroup of patients with common variable immunodeficiency (CVID), the occurrence of such complications is associated with an expansion of na\u00efve-like CD21\n                      <jats:sup>low<\/jats:sup>\n                      B cells during a chronic type 1 immune activation. The glycosylation pattern of B cells in CVID patients has not been addressed to date.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The objective of this study was to examine the surface glycome of B cells in patients with CVID and associated immune dysregulation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We performed surface lectin staining on B cells from peripheral blood and tonsils, both\n                      <jats:italic>ex vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      and after\n                      <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      stimulation. Additionally, we examined the expression of glycosylation-related genes by RNAseq in na\u00efve-like CD21\n                      <jats:sup>low<\/jats:sup>\n                      B cells\n                      <jats:italic>ex vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      , as well as in na\u00efve CD21\n                      <jats:sup>pos<\/jats:sup>\n                      B cells from healthy controls after\n                      <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      stimulation.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Unlike CD21\n                      <jats:sup>pos<\/jats:sup>\n                      B cells, na\u00efve-like CD21\n                      <jats:sup>low<\/jats:sup>\n                      B cells from CVID patients and CD21\n                      <jats:sup>low<\/jats:sup>\n                      B cells from healthy controls exhibited a unique glycosylation pattern with high levels of \u03b12,6 sialic acids and fucose. This hypersialylation and hyperfucosylation were particularly induced by activation with anti-IgM and interferon-\u03b3 (IFN-\u03b3). Transcriptome analysis suggested that na\u00efve-like CD21\n                      <jats:sup>low<\/jats:sup>\n                      B cells possess a comprehensively reorganised glycosylation machinery, with anti-IgM\/IFN-\u03b3 having the potential to initiate these changes\n                      <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      CD21\n                      <jats:sup>low<\/jats:sup>\n                      B cells are hypersialylated and hyperfucosylated. This may implicate altered lectin-ligand interactions on the cell surface potentially affecting the CD21\n                      <jats:sup>low<\/jats:sup>\n                      B-cell function. These glycome changes appear to be driven by the prominent type I immune response in complicated CVID patients. A better understanding of how altered glycosylation influences immune cell function could lead to new therapeutic strategies.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1512279","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,12]],"date-time":"2025-02-12T02:31:03Z","timestamp":1739327463000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["CD21low B cells reveal a unique glycosylation pattern with hypersialylation and hyperfucosylation"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Peter Tobias","family":"Felixberger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Geoffroy","family":"Andrieux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Maul-Pavicic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sigune","family":"Goldacker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ina","family":"Harder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sylvia","family":"Gutenberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan J. 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