{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T23:42:12Z","timestamp":1793835732611,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,28]],"date-time":"2025-02-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740700800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Magnesium is an essential immune nutrient for the body, and recent studies have found that it plays an important role in osteoarthritis (OA). Magnesium depletion score(MDS) is a new method for evaluating the magnesium status of the body. Our objective is to explore the association between MDS and the incidence of OA, as well as the relationship between MDS and mortality in patients with OA.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Eligible participants were obtained from NHANES from 2005 to 2018. Logistic regression models were employed to evaluate the link between MDS and the incidence of OA. Cox regression models were employed to evaluate the link between MDS and mortality among OA patients. In addition, restricted cubic spline was utilized to explore the correlation between MDS and the incidence of OA, as well as the relationship between MDS and mortality in patients with OA. Subgroup analysis were adopted in order to ensure the credibility of the results in different subgroups, including age, gender, race, education level, BMI, smoking, diabetes and hypertension.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>19,394 individuals qualified for analysis, including 3,256 OA patients. After excluding missing follow-up data, 630 all-cause deaths and 172 cardiovascular deaths (CVDs) were observed in 3,250 OA patients. The individuals with OA had higher levels of MDS. In the logistic regression model, MDS was positively related to OA (MDS\u22653 vs. MDS=0, OR =1.83 (1.46-2.30, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&amp;lt;0.001)). Besides, a positive association was observed between MDS and all-cause mortality [MDS\u22653 vs. MDS=0, HR =2.56 (1.49-4.41, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&amp;lt;0.001)] and CVDs [MDS\u22653 vs. MDS=0, HR =3.00 (1.13-7.98, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>=0.01)] in cox regression models. In addition, a 1-unit rise in MDS was significantly linked to an increased risk of mortality. Restricted cubic spline indicated a positive relationship between MDS and incidence and mortality of OA. Subgroup analysis demonstrated that the results are stable in different subgroups.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>MDS is positively correlated with the incidence and mortality of OA. Optimizing the nutritional status of magnesium may bring benefits to OA patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1512293","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,28]],"date-time":"2025-02-28T07:31:53Z","timestamp":1740727913000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Associations of magnesium depletion score with the incidence and mortality of osteoarthritis: a nationwide study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Ruicong","family":"Ma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiaqing","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinyi","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huina","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanchun","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xia","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ard","DOI":"10.1136\/ard-2024-225872","article-title":"Predicting rapid progression in knee osteoarthritis: a novel and interpretable automated machine learning approach, with specific focus on young patients and early disease","author":"Castagno","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2665-9913(23)00163-7","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of osteoarthritis, 1990-2020 and projections to 2050: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2021","volume":"5","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Rheumatol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2250674","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.50674","article-title":"Health and economic outcomes associated with musculoskeletal disorders attributable to high body mass index in 192 countries and territories in 2019","volume":"6","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-154-4-201102150-00001","article-title":"Impact of obesity and knee osteoarthritis on morbidity and mortality in older americans","volume":"154","author":"Losina","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyy187","article-title":"Osteoarthritis and risk of mortality in the USA: a population-based cohort study","volume":"47","author":"Mendy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.39113","article-title":"Hip osteoarthritis and the risk of all-cause and disease-specific mortality in older women: A population-based cohort study","volume":"67","author":"Barbour","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2021.02.564","article-title":"Genetically predicted circulating levels of copper and zinc are associated with osteoarthritis but not with rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"29","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Osteoarthritis Cartilage."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2020.10.016","article-title":"Combination of magnesium ions and vitamin c alleviates synovitis and osteophyte formation in osteoarthritis of mice","volume":"6","author":"Yao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bioact Mater"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.advnut.2023.05.009","article-title":"Magnesium and liver metabolism through the lifespan","volume":"14","author":"Bravo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv Nutr"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/an.112.003483","article-title":"Magnesium in disease prevention and overall health","volume":"4","author":"Volpe","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv Nutr"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2016.01.029","article-title":"Unraveling the role of mg(++) in osteoarthritis","volume":"147","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2021.03.002","article-title":"Magnesium in joint health and osteoarthritis","volume":"90","author":"Kuang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutr Res"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2019.08.007","article-title":"Intra-articular injection of magnesium chloride attenuates osteoarthritis progression in rats","volume":"27","author":"Yao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Osteoarthritis Cartilage."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2897","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arthro.2022.03.013","article-title":"Intra-articular magnesium plus bupivacaine is the most effective and safe postoperative analgesic option following knee arthroscopy: A network meta-analysis","volume":"38","author":"He","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arthroscopy"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1186\/s13098-025-01598-8","article-title":"The kidney reabsorption-related magnesium depletion score is associated with cardiovascular disease and longitudinal mortality in diabetic kidney disease patients","volume":"17","author":"Zhou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Diabetol Metab Syndr"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/nxab138","article-title":"Magnesium depletion score (MDS) predicts risk of systemic inflammation and cardiovascular mortality among US adults","volume":"151","author":"Fan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfac218","article-title":"The kidney reabsorption-related magnesium depletion score is associated with increased likelihood of abdominal aortic calcification among US adults","volume":"38","author":"Lu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.123.030077","article-title":"Association of magnesium depletion score with cardiovascular disease and its association with longitudinal mortality in patients with cardiovascular disease","volume":"12","author":"Ye","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-022-03384-3","article-title":"Magnesium depletion score predicts diabetic retinopathy risk among diabetes: Findings from NHANES 2005-2018","volume":"201","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biol Trace Elem Res"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30387","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-81871-4","article-title":"Association between the composite dietary antioxidant index and all-cause mortality in individuals with osteoarthritis via NHANES data","volume":"14","author":"Jiang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000003878","article-title":"Increased levels of urine volatile organic compounds are associated with hypertension risk","volume":"43","author":"Zheng","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2024.1398265","article-title":"Associations between estimated glucose disposal rate and arterial stiffness and mortality among US adults with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"15","author":"Song","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-024-03599-2","article-title":"Replacement of sedentary behavior with various physical activities and the risk of all-cause and cause-specific mortality","volume":"22","author":"Chang","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2023.104603","article-title":"Magnesium increases numbers of Foxp3+ treg cells and reduces arthritis severity and joint damage in an IL-10-dependent manner mediated by the intestinal microbiome","volume":"92","author":"Laragione","year":"2023","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adk6084","article-title":"Engineered MgO nanoparticles for cartilage-bone synergistic therapy","volume":"10","author":"Zheng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Adv"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.141414","article-title":"Relationship between serum magnesium concentration and radiographic knee osteoarthritis","volume":"42","author":"Zeng","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000017774","article-title":"The relationship between magnesium and osteoarthritis of knee: A MOOSE guided systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"98","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med (Baltimore)."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2023.10.017","article-title":"Magnesium disorders: Core curriculum 2024","volume":"83","author":"Adomako","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13041136","article-title":"Magnesium: Biochemistry, nutrition, detection, and social impact of diseases linked to its deficiency","volume":"13","author":"Fiorentini","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2022.110173","article-title":"Essential metals in health and disease","volume":"367","author":"Jomova","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chem Biol Interact"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-023-03626-y","article-title":"Comparison of magnesium status using 24-h urine magnesium content and magnesium fraction excretion in PCOS with non-PCOS control women: a cross-sectional study","volume":"201","author":"Abbasi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biol Trace Elem Res"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1684\/mrh.2019.0453","article-title":"Magnesium and elderly patient: the explored paths and the ones to be explored: a review","volume":"32","author":"Lo Piano","year":"2019","journal-title":"Magnes Res"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.advnut.2023.06.008","article-title":"Perspective: Call for re-evaluation of the tolerable upper intake level for magnesium supplementation in adults","volume":"14","author":"Costello","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv Nutr"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16040496","article-title":"Magnesium and the hallmarks of aging","volume":"16","author":"Dominguez","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v29.i2.332","article-title":"Current opinion on the regulation of small intestinal magnesium absorption","volume":"29","author":"Chamniansawat","year":"2023","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2021.12.010","article-title":"Proton pump inhibitor therapy and risk of knee replacement surgery: a general population-based cohort study","volume":"30","author":"Zeng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Osteoarthritis Cartilage."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.1994.10718430","article-title":"Magnesium deficiency and alcohol intake: mechanisms, clinical significance and possible relation to cancer development (a review)","volume":"13","author":"Rivlin","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Am Coll Nutr"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12648","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-63559-x","article-title":"Increased alcohol intake is associated with radiographic severity of knee and hand osteoarthritis in men","volume":"14","author":"Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/apha.13846","article-title":"Mechanisms of proton pump inhibitor-induced hypomagnesemia","volume":"235","author":"Gommers","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Physiol (Oxf)."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-024-05255-y","article-title":"Omeprazole and risk of osteoarthritis: insights from a mendelian randomization study in the UK biobank","volume":"22","author":"Cao","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00012.2014","article-title":"Magnesium in man: implications for health and disease","volume":"95","author":"de Baaij","year":"2015","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40264-020-00947-y","article-title":"Pathophysiology of drug-induced hypomagnesaemia","volume":"43","author":"Katopodis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Drug Saf."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2019.05.020","article-title":"Thiazide diuretics and risk of knee replacement surgery among patients with knee osteoarthritis: a general population-based cohort study","volume":"27","author":"Wei","year":"2019","journal-title":"Osteoarthritis Cartilage."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003478","article-title":"Long-term health outcomes of people with reduced kidney function in the UK: A modelling study using population health data","volume":"17","author":"Schlackow","year":"2020","journal-title":"PloS Med"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1512293\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,28]],"date-time":"2025-02-28T07:31:58Z","timestamp":1740727918000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1512293\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,28]]},"references-count":44,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1512293"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1512293","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,28]]},"article-number":"1512293"}}