{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T22:13:50Z","timestamp":1789424030804,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":95,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,6]],"date-time":"2025-02-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738800000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Studies suggest that gut dysbiosis occurs in autoimmune neurological diseases, but a comprehensive synthesis of the evidence is lacking. Our aim was to systematically review and meta-analyze the correlation between the gut microbiota and autoimmune neurological disorders to inform clinical diagnosis and therapeutic intervention. We searched the databases of PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library until 1 March 2024 for research on the correlation between gut microbiota and autoimmune neurological disorders. A total of 62 studies provided data and were included in the analysis (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20093,126 patients, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20092,843 healthy individuals). Among the included studies, 42 studies provided data on \u03b1-diversity. Regarding \u03b1-diversity, except for Chao1, which showed a consistent small decrease (SMD = \u22120.26, 95% CI = \u22120.45 to \u22120.07, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.01), other indices demonstrated no significant changes. While most studies reported significant differences in \u03b2-diversity, consistent differences were only observed in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders. A decrease in short-chain fatty acid (SCFA)-producing bacteria, including <jats:italic>Faecalibacterium<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Roseburia<\/jats:italic>, was observed in individuals with autoimmune encephalitis, neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders, myasthenia gravis, and multiple sclerosis. Conversely, an increase in pathogenic or opportunistic pathogens, including <jats:italic>Streptococcus<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Escherichia-Shigella<\/jats:italic>, was observed in these patients. Subgroup analyses assessed the confounding effects of geography and immunotherapy use. These findings suggest that disturbances of the gut flora are associated with autoimmune neurological diseases, primarily manifesting as non-specific and shared microbial alterations, including a reduction in SCFA-producing bacteria and an increase in pathogenic or opportunistic pathogens.<\/jats:p><jats:sec><jats:title>Systematic review registration<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:uri>https:\/\/www.crd.york.ac.uk\/prospero\/<\/jats:uri>, identifier CRD42023410215.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1513599","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,6]],"date-time":"2025-02-06T07:12:47Z","timestamp":1738825967000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Perturbations in gut microbiota composition in patients with autoimmune neurological diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Xiaolin","family":"Deng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xue","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dong","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhen","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2021.2573","article-title":"Perturbations in gut microbiota composition in psychiatric disorders: a review and meta-analysis","volume":"78","author":"Nikolova","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104055","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2022.104055","article-title":"Gut dysbiosis in rheumatic diseases: A systematic review and meta-analysis of 92 observational studies","volume":"80","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"eBioMedicine"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2020.108380","article-title":"Gut dysbiosis and multiple sclerosis","volume":"235","author":"Noto","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.201901441","article-title":"Perturbed microbial ecology in myasthenia gravis: evidence from the gut microbiome and fecal metabolome","volume":"6","author":"Zheng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv Sci (Weinh)"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.50874","article-title":"Alterations in the human gut microbiome in anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis","volume":"6","author":"Gong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Clin Transl Neurol"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/nxi.0000000000000632","article-title":"Normal gut microbiome in NMDA receptor encephalitis","volume":"6","author":"Herken","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/nxi.0000000000000907","article-title":"Clostridium bolteae is elevated in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder in India and shares sequence similarity with AQP4","volume":"8","author":"Pandit","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2023.11.030","article-title":"Intestinal dysbiosis exacerbates susceptibility to the anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis-like phenotype by changing blood brain barrier permea bility and immune homeostasis","volume":"116","author":"Gong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1711235114","article-title":"Gut bacteria frommultiple sclerosis patients modulate human T cells and exacerbate symptoms in mouse models","volume":"114","author":"Cekanaviciute","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-022-00697-8","article-title":"The role of the gut microbiota in multiple sclerosis","volume":"18","author":"Correale","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1038\/s41420-020-00309-8","article-title":"Fecal microbiota transplantation from patients with autoimmune encephalitis modulates Th17 response and relevant behaviors in mice","volume":"6","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Death Discovery"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.791780","article-title":"Disturbance of gut bacteria and metabolites are associated with disease severity and predict outcome of NMDAR encephalitis: a prospective case-control study","volume":"12","author":"Gong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3467","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2022.08.021","article-title":"Gut microbiome of multiple sclerosis patients and paired household healthy controls reveal associations with disease risk and course","volume":"185","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"fcab113","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcab113","article-title":"Gut microbiome alpha-diversity is not a marker of Parkinson\u2019s disease and multiple sclerosis","volume":"3","author":"Plassais","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Commun"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"B16","article-title":"Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions version 6.5 (updated August 2024)","author":"Higgins","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cochrane"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-015-0581-x","article-title":"Immune-mediated neurological disorders","volume":"15","author":"Liewluck","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1038\/s41522-019-0091-8","article-title":"Gut microbiota phenotypes of obesity","volume":"5","author":"Stanislawski","year":"2019","journal-title":"NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes"},{"key":"B19","article-title":"The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) for assessing the quality of nonrandomised studies in meta-analyses","volume":"7","author":"Wells","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ottawa Health Res Institute Web Site"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-022-02804-0","article-title":"Gut microbiome changes in anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis patients","volume":"22","author":"Wei","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Neurol"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2020.585977","article-title":"Clinical features and gut microbial alterations in Anti-leucine-rich glioma-Inactivated 1 encephalitis-A pilot study","volume":"11","author":"Ma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14384","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-32700-y","article-title":"Fecal microbiota profile in a group of myasthenia gravis patients","volume":"8","author":"Moris","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.02627","article-title":"Altered gut microbiota in myasthenia gravis","volume":"9","author":"Qiu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-021-02034-0","article-title":"Metagenome-wide association study of gut microbiome revealed potential microbial marker set for diagnosis of pediatric myasthenia gravis","volume":"19","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/17562864211035657","article-title":"Gut bacterial microbiota in patients with myasthenia gravis: results from the MYBIOM study","volume":"14","author":"Totzeck","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ther Adv Neurol Disord"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2023.1248336","article-title":"Altered gut microbiota and metabolites in untreated myasthenia gravis patients","volume":"14","author":"Ding","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.1082565","article-title":"Traditional Chinese medicine improves myasthenia gravis by regulating the symbiotic homeostasis of the intestinal microbiota and host","volume":"13","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24718","article-title":"Gut microbiome analysis in neuromyelitis optica reveals overabundance of Clostridium perfringens","volume":"80","author":"Cree","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458518790396","article-title":"Lack of short-chain fatty acids and overgrowth of opportunistic pathogens define dysbiosis of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders: A Chinese pilot study","volume":"25","author":"Gong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104468","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2019.104468","article-title":"Gut dysbiosis and lack of short chain fatty acids in a Chinese cohort of patients with multiple sclerosis","volume":"129","author":"Zeng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurochem Int"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.577126","article-title":"Dysbiosis of gut microbiota in patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders: A cross sectional study","volume":"339","author":"Shi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2011703117","article-title":"Alterations of the gut ecological and functional microenvironment in different stages of multiple sclerosis","volume":"117","author":"Takewaki","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2020.102217","article-title":"Characteristic of gut microbiota in southeastern Chinese patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders","volume":"44","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mult Scler Relat Disord"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/jim.0000000000000192","article-title":"Gut microbiota in multiple sclerosis: possible influence of immunomodulators","volume":"63","author":"Cantarel","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Investig Med"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0137429","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0137429","article-title":"Dysbiosis in the gut microbiota of patients with multiple sclerosis, with a striking depletion of species belonging to Clostridia XIVa and IV Clusters","volume":"10","author":"Miyake","year":"2015","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep28484","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis patients have a distinct gut microbiota compared to healthy controls","volume":"6","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms12015","article-title":"Alterations of the human gut microbiome in multiple sclerosis","volume":"7","author":"Jangi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.13026","article-title":"Gut microbiota in early pediatric multiple sclerosis: a case-control study","volume":"23","author":"Tremlett","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1711233114","article-title":"Gut microbiota from multiple sclerosis patients enables spontaneous autoimmune encephalomyelitis in mice","volume":"114","author":"Berer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.01141","article-title":"Reduced mass and diversity of the colonic microbiome in patients with multiple sclerosis and their improvement with ketogenic diet","author":"Swidsinski","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-018-0603-4","article-title":"A comparative study of the gut microbiota in immune-mediated inflammatory diseases-does a common dysbiosis exist","volume":"6","author":"Forbes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25244","article-title":"A probiotic modulates the microbiome and immunity in multiple sclerosis","volume":"83","author":"Tankou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-019-1685-2","article-title":"Primary progressive multiple sclerosis in a Russian cohort: relationship with gut bacterial diversity","volume":"19","author":"Kozhieva","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol"},{"key":"B44","first-page":"58","article-title":"Microbiota stratification identifies disease-specific alterations in neuro-Beh\u00e7et\u2019s disease and multiple sclerosis","author":"Oezguen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2055217319888767","article-title":"Gut microbiota composition during a 12-week intervention with delayed-release dimethyl fumarate in multiple sclerosis - a pilot trial","volume":"5","author":"Storm-Larsen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mult Scler J Exp Transl Clin"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16396","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-52894-z","article-title":"Gut microbiome of treatment-na\u00efve MS patients of different ethnicities early in disease course","volume":"9","author":"Ventura","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtauto.2019.100032","article-title":"CXCR3+ T cells in multiple sclerosis correlate with reduced diversity of the gut microbiome","volume":"3","author":"Choile\u00e1in","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Transl Autoimmun"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.585973","article-title":"A metagenome-wide association study of gut microbiome in patients with multiple sclerosis revealed novel disease pathology","volume":"10","author":"Kishikawa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.590783","article-title":"Alterations of the fecal microbiota in Chinese patients with multiple sclerosis","volume":"11","author":"Ling","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.51004","article-title":"Gut microbiome variation is associated to Multiple Sclerosis phenotypic subtypes","volume":"7","author":"Reynders","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Clin Transl Neurol"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.01390","article-title":"Alterations in circulating fatty acid are associated with gut microbiota dysbiosis and inflammation in multiple sclerosis","volume":"11","author":"Saresella","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7173","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22137173","article-title":"Influence of a high-impact multidimensional rehabilitation program on the gut microbiota of patients with multiple sclerosis","volume":"22","author":"Barone","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.26084","article-title":"Gut microbiome in progressive multiple sclerosis","volume":"89","author":"Cox","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18502\/ijm.v13i5.7428","article-title":"Gut microbiota in forty cases of Egyptian relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis","volume":"13","author":"Elgendy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Iran J Microbiol"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.3390\/life11070620","article-title":"Comparison of the intestinal microbiome of Italian patients with multiple sclerosis and their household relatives","volume":"11","author":"Galluzzo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Life (Basel)"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2021.100246","article-title":"Potential role of indolelactate and butyrate in multiple sclerosis revealed by integrated microbiome-metabolome analysis","volume":"2","author":"Levi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Rep Med"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2021.103354","article-title":"Molecular characterization of the gut microbiome in Egyptian patients with remitting relapsing multiple sclerosis","volume":"57","author":"Mekky","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mult Scler Relat Disord"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/wnl.0000000000013245","article-title":"Metagenomic analysis of the pediatric-onset multiple sclerosis gut microbiome","volume":"98","author":"Mirza","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4621","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18094621","article-title":"Detection of dysbiosis and increased intestinal permeability in Brazilian patients with relapsing\u2013remitting multiple sclerosis","volume":"18","author":"Pellizoni","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/nxi.0000000000000997","article-title":"Perturbed microbiota\/immune homeostasis in multiple sclerosis","volume":"8","author":"Sterlin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.51476","article-title":"The gut microbiota in pediatric multiple sclerosis and demyelinating syndromes","volume":"8","author":"Tremlett","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Clin Transl Neurol"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20552173221109771","DOI":"10.1177\/20552173221109771","article-title":"D\u2019Amico F et\u00a0al. Trans-anal irrigation in patients with multiple sclerosis: Efficacy in treating disease-related bowel dysfunctions and impact on the gut microbiota: A monocentric prospective study","volume":"8","author":"Ascanelli","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mult Scler J Exp Transl Clin"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.15594","article-title":"Gut microbiota analysis in pediatric-onset multiple sclerosis compared to pediatric monophasic demyelinating syndromes and pediatric controls","volume":"30","author":"Bruijstens","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2021.103798","article-title":"Alterations of host-gut microbiome interactions in multiple sclerosis","volume":"76","author":"Cantoni","year":"2022","journal-title":"eBioMedicine"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.960761","article-title":"Microbial dysbiosis and lack of SCFA production in a Spanish cohort of patients with multiple sclerosis","volume":"13","author":"Moles","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.3390\/genes13050930","article-title":"Gut Microbiota as a potential predictive biomarker in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis","volume":"13","author":"Navarro-L\u00f3pez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Genes (Basel)"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3728","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-07336-8","article-title":"B-cell-depletion reverses dysbiosis of the microbiome in multiple sclerosis patients","volume":"12","author":"Troci","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16269","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-43217-4","article-title":"Genetic risk score in multiple sclerosis is associated with unique gut microbiome","volume":"13","author":"Elsayed","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15024","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241915024","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis-associated gut microbiome in the Israeli diverse populations: associations with ethnicity, gender, disability status, vitamin D levels, and mediterranean diet","volume":"24","author":"Nitzan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13073-022-01148-1","article-title":"The gut microbiota in multiple sclerosis varies with disease activity","volume":"15","author":"Thirion","year":"2023","journal-title":"Genome Med"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2023.578087","article-title":"The role of multiple sclerosis therapies on the dynamic of human gut microbiota","volume":"378","author":"Vacaras","year":"2023","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neuroimmunol"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.51944","article-title":"Short-chain fatty acid producers in the gut are associated with pediatric multiple sclerosis onset","volume":"11","author":"Schoeps","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann Clin Transl Neurol"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104619","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104619","article-title":"Gut microbiota dysbiosis associated with different types of demyelinating optic neuritis in patients","volume":"72","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mult Scler Relat Disord"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2016.118","article-title":"Diversity is the question, not the answer","volume":"11","author":"Shade","year":"2016","journal-title":"ISME J"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2022.06.070","article-title":"Population-level metagenomics uncovers distinct effects of multiple medications on the human gut microbiome","volume":"163","author":"Nagata","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-020-00460-0","article-title":"The gut microbiota-brain axis in behaviour and brain disorders","volume":"19","author":"Morais","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-023-00890-0","article-title":"Gastrointestinal and brain barriers: unlocking gates of communication across the microbiota-gut-brain axis","volume":"21","author":"Aburto","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/5602401","article-title":"Fecal microbiota underlying the coexistence of schizophrenia and multiple sclerosis in Chinese patients","volume":"2023","author":"Shao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"fuad039","DOI":"10.1093\/femsre\/fuad039","article-title":"Faecalibacterium: a bacterial genus with promising human health applications","volume":"47","author":"Mart\u00edn","year":"2023","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2022.111681","article-title":"Commensal cow Roseburia reduces gut-dysbiosis-induced mastitis through inhibiting bacterial translocation by producing butyrate in mice","volume":"41","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-023-00987-1","article-title":"Complex regulatory effects of gut microbial short-chain fatty acids on immune tolerance and autoimmunity","volume":"20","author":"Kim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Mol Immunol"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-08711-2","article-title":"The short-chain fatty acid pentanoate suppresses autoimmunity by modulating the metabolic-epigenetic crosstalk in lymphocytes","volume":"10","author":"Luu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1128\/cmr.00101-13","article-title":"Disease manifestations and pathogenic mechanisms of Group A Streptococcus","volume":"27","author":"Walker","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4236","article-title":"A purified membrane protein from Akkermansia muciniphila or the pasteurized bacterium improves metabolism in obese and diabetic mice","volume":"23","author":"Plovier","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1728","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.04.027","article-title":"The gut microbiota mediates the anti-seizure effects of the ketogenic diet","volume":"173","author":"Olson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-022-00631-9","article-title":"Akkermansia muciniphila: paradigm for next-generation beneficial microorganisms","volume":"19","author":"Cani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mSystems.00083-18","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis-associated changes in the composition and immune functions of spore-forming bacteria","volume":"3","author":"Cekanaviciute","year":"2018","journal-title":"mSystems"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/nxi.0000000000000688","article-title":"Gut bacteria Akkermansia elicit a specific IgG response in CSF of patients with MS","volume":"7","author":"Vallino","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2019.10.008","article-title":"Oral administration of miR-30d from feces of MS patients suppresses MS-like symptoms in mice by expanding Akkermansia muciniphila","volume":"26","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2019.00239","article-title":"Strain-specific anti-inflammatory properties of two Akkermansia muciniphila strains on chronic colitis in Mice","volume":"9","author":"Zhai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-024-01068-4","article-title":"The interplay between diet and the gut microbiome: implications for health and disease","volume":"22","author":"Ross","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458520970841","article-title":"Rising prevalence of multiple sclerosis worldwide: insights from the atlas of MS, third edition","volume":"26","author":"Walton","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1212\/wnl.0000000000011153","article-title":"Worldwide incidence and prevalence of neuromyelitis optica: a systematic review","volume":"96","author":"Papp","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-023-00776-4","article-title":"Origins and immunopathogenesis of autoimmune central nervous system disorders","volume":"19","author":"Ramanathan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-017-3501-4","article-title":"SILVA, RDP, Greengenes, NCBI and OTT - how do these taxonomies compare","volume":"18","author":"Balvo\u010di\u016bt\u0117","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Genomics"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1513599\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,6]],"date-time":"2025-02-06T07:12:51Z","timestamp":1738825971000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1513599\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,6]]},"references-count":95,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1513599"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1513599","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,6]]},"article-number":"1513599"}}