{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T16:55:33Z","timestamp":1790787333829,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,10]],"date-time":"2025-03-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741564800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Statement of translational relevance<\/jats:title><jats:p>Effects of metachronous primary malignant solid tumor (MPMST) on survival risk and prognosis of multiple myeloma (MM) and differences between MPMST occurring before and after MM remains unclear. Use of well-characterized clinical information of individual patient, we found that older patients with MM (\u2265 65 years) had a higher risk of developing MPMST. Patients with MM and MPMST including male patients, aged \u2265 65 years and those with ISS stage III had a worse prognosis. The top three solid cancers occurred before and after MM were the lung, thyroid, and breast cancer. These findings provide detailed information for the precise treatment of patients with MM and MPMST.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To analyze the effects of MPMST on MM and the risk difference of MPMSTs occurring before and after MM.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Retrospective data from patients with MM and MPMST, including sex, age, immunoglobulin isotype, ISS stage, and therapy, were collected from 2015 to 2023. Differences in variables, risk, and survival were compared using the <jats:italic>\u03c7\u00b2<\/jats:italic> test, logistic regression analysis and the Cox model, respectively.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The 34 (1.57%) patients with MM and MPMST identified from a total of 2167 MM patients had a shorter overall survival. The survival risk was higher in male patients with MM and MPMST (HR: 3.96, 95% CI: 1.05 -14.96), in those aged \u2265 65 years (HR: 3.30, 95% CI: 1.41 -7.71), and with ISS stage III (HR: 4.08, 95% CI: 0.81-20.65). Patients with MM subsequent to CAR-T cell therapy had neither enhanced incidence rates of second solid cancers nor had longer overall survival time. Furthermore, the top three solid cancers occurred before or after MM were lung, thyroid, and breast cancer.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Male patients, aged \u2265 65 years and MM patients with ISS stage III and MPMST had a worse prognosis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1516471","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,10]],"date-time":"2025-03-10T06:45:31Z","timestamp":1741589131000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Effect of metachronous primary and secondary solid cancers in patients with multiple myeloma: a retrospective study from a 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