{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,7]],"date-time":"2026-03-07T01:46:55Z","timestamp":1772848015477,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,7]],"date-time":"2025-02-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738886400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Exhaustion of the immune system\u2019s ability to adapt to novelty suggests that the changes it undergoes might be a consequence of an evolutionary unpredictable antigenic exposure over a lifetime. Thus, we raise the question of whether a naive immune system can manage new antigens better than an educated immune system. Here, by employing the naive immune system of germ-free (GF) mice without a history of microbial exposure, we compared their adaptive immune responses with those of the conventional (Conv) mice upon new viral infection. Interestingly, the naive GF immune system showed robust T-cell responses, with more potent memory T cells established for long-term protection, even in the condition of primary lower T-cell levels for naive GF mice. Furthermore, we found that the ABX-treated Conv mice showed impaired T-cell responses, compared with the untreated Conv ones. With the microbiota eliminated, the ABX mice still have a history of microbial exposure and education for their immune system. In summary, commensal bacteria education history calibrates the naivety and the activation threshold of the adaptive antiviral immune system.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1519023","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,7]],"date-time":"2025-02-07T06:51:28Z","timestamp":1738911088000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Commensal bacteria education history calibrates the naivety and activation threshold of adaptive antiviral immune system"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Baohua","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhou","family":"Sha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Mou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Feng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lifeng","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guohong","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haibo","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hong","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuzhang","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lilin","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Changjiang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yanyan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2014.3085","article-title":"Evolution of the immune system in humans from infancy to old age","volume":"282","author":"Simon","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc Royal Soc B: Biological Sci"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)13364-8","article-title":"Clinical presentations and outcome of severe acute respiratory syndrome in children","volume":"361","author":"Hon","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e3181ceb25b","article-title":"The 1918 influenza pandemic: lessons for 2009 and the future","volume":"38","author":"Morens","year":"2010","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrid.2018.08.005","article-title":"Mild encephalitis\/encephalopathy in children with a reversible","volume":"5","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"splenial lesion. 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