{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T12:27:45Z","timestamp":1789993665771,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,9]],"date-time":"2025-05-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746748800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Recent studies of adult sepsis patients demonstrate the existence of two subphenotypes that differ in risk of mortality: a hyper-inflammatory subphenotype with a high risk of mortality, and a hypo-inflammatory or \u201cnot hyper-inflamed\u201d subphenotype with a relatively lower risk of mortality. We recently investigated the association of organ dysfunction with <jats:italic>ex vivo<\/jats:italic> immune profiling in sixty (60) critically ill adult patients with sepsis. In this secondary analysis we measured cytokine biomarkers with an automated, microfluidic immunoassay device (Ella\u2122) and sought to investigate the functional immune profiles of patients in the hyper\/hypo-inflammatory subphenotype groups.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Subjects were consecutively identified adults, older than 18 years, and enrolled within 48 hours of sepsis onset. Whole blood cytokine analysis was performed in all patients. Additionally, <jats:italic>ex vivo<\/jats:italic> cytokine production was measured following 4h of stimulation. Cytokine concentrations were measured using the Ella\u2122 automated immunoassay system.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Subjects were divided into hypo-inflammatory (42 patients) and hyper-inflammatory (18 patients) subtypes using a previously validated parsimonious model based on concentrations of IL-6, TNFR1 and bicarbonate. The hyper- and hypo-inflammatory clusters demonstrated a near four-fold difference in 30-day mortality (44.4% vs 11.9%, p=0.0046). Following 4h of <jats:italic>ex vivo<\/jats:italic> stimulation with LPS, TNF production was lower in the hyper-inflammatory group as compared with the hypo-inflammatory group (p=0.0159). <jats:italic>Ex vivo<\/jats:italic> phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)-stimulated IFN-\u03b3 production (4h) by whole blood did not differ between groups.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>These data further validate the use of IL-6, TNFR1 and bicarbonate to discern inflammatory sub-groups of patients with critical illness. They also confirm the observation that the presence of the hyper-inflammatory subphenotype is often accompanied by a compensatory anti-inflammatory response syndrome. Future investigations should focus on prospective validation of this panel for prognostic enrichment of clinical research studies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1520848","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,9]],"date-time":"2025-05-09T04:10:44Z","timestamp":1746763844000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Functional immune profiling of hyper- and hypo-inflammatory subphenotypes of critical illness: a secondary analysis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"E. 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