{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,25]],"date-time":"2025-10-25T19:14:05Z","timestamp":1761419645777,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,19]],"date-time":"2025-02-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739923200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>The interplay between HIV and <jats:italic>Taenia solium<\/jats:italic> cysticercosis in co-endemic regions remains poorly understood, particularly regarding the immune responses but is relevant for an effective treatment strategy. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between peripheral cytokine profiles, CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T-cell counts, and cysticercosis infection status in HIV-positive individuals in Tanzania\u2019s southern highlands.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We conducted a cross-sectional study involving 110 HIV-positive individuals. Cysticercosis was diagnosed using antibody and antigen tests, with neurocysticercosis confirmed by CT imaging. CD4 counts and serum cytokine levels (pro- and anti-inflammatory) were analyzed using multivariate regression and MANOVA, including sex-stratified analyses.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Among participants, 20.9% tested positive for cysticercosis antibodies, 43.6% for antigens and 20.2% presented with brain cysts, with 10.6% showing active neurocysticercosis. Cysticercosis-positive individuals showed positive correlations between CD4 counts and pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., TNF-\u03b1, IL-1\u03b2), contrasting with negative correlations in cysticercosis-negative individuals. Sex-stratified analysis showed stronger regulatory cytokine responses in males compared to females, particularly involving higher levels of IL-10 and IL-4 indicating sex-specific immune modulation in co-infected individuals. However, overall cytokine profiles were not significantly influenced by CD4 categories or cysticercosis status.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>These results contribute to our understanding of immunological interactions in HIV-cysticercosis co-infection and underscore the need for further research with larger sample sizes to elucidate the clinical implications of these findings. Such studies could inform the development of more effective, sex-personalized treatment strategies for HIV patients in cysticercosis-endemic regions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1521295","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,19]],"date-time":"2025-02-19T06:52:11Z","timestamp":1739947931000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Cytokine profiles and CD4 counts in HIV-positive individuals with cysticercosis: implications for sex-specific immune responses in co-endemic regions of Tanzania"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Yakobo Leonard","family":"Lema","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ulrich 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