{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T01:45:06Z","timestamp":1782956706105,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,15]],"date-time":"2025-04-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744675200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) released by <jats:italic>Helicobacter pylori<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>H.pylori<\/jats:italic>) can enter the blood circulation of the host and cause extra-gastric lesions such as atherosclerosis and hyperemesis gravidarum. This study aimed to investigate the effect of OMVs released by <jats:italic>H.pylori<\/jats:italic> on the development of thymic T cells in offspring mice and its underlying mechanisms. Through experimental observations, we found that <jats:italic>H.pylori<\/jats:italic> OMVs were able to cross the placental barrier, leading to a decrease in the number of CD3<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> and CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T cells in the peripheral blood of the offspring mice and a decrease in the response of T cells to <jats:italic>H.pylori<\/jats:italic> stimulation. After stimulation with OMVs in T cell positive selection experiments, the expression levels of CHMP5, IKK-\u03b2, and NF-\u03baB are up-regulated, and the release of cytokines IL-7, IL-2, IL-4, and IFN-\u03b3 is simultaneously increased, whereas in T cell negative selection experiments, the expression of JNK is up-regulated, and the expression of CHMP5 and Bcl-2 is down-regulated in E15-16 fetal thymus organ culture. These results indicate that transmission of <jats:italic>H pylori<\/jats:italic> OMVs from mother to fetus might be related to the development of central tolerance in offspring T cells. The underlying mechanism may involve an interaction between the OMVs-stimulated pathway and the TCR pathway, although further research is needed to confirm this hypothesis. The study highlights the importance of preventing <jats:italic>H.pylori<\/jats:italic> infection during pregnancy and suggests that the effect of centrally tolerated antigens needs to be considered in vaccine design to maximize prevention.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1522842","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,15]],"date-time":"2025-04-15T05:21:35Z","timestamp":1744694495000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Helicobacter pylori outer membrane vesicles mediate central tolerance in C57BL\/6J mice offspring T cells via maternal-fetal transmission"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Yusen","family":"Wei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lu","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaofei","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huiqing","family":"Qiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dailun","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhongli","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-023-00431-8","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori infection","volume":"9","author":"Malfertheiner","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1260","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12081260","article-title":"Biofilm of helicobacter pylori: life cycle, features, and treatment options","volume":"12","author":"Elshenawi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Antibiotics (Basel)"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.833424","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori and autoimmune diseases: involving multiple systems","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1040841X.2021.1975643","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori infection: from standard to alternative treatment strategies","volume":"48","author":"Sousa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Crit Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2023.12.022","article-title":"Global Prevalence Of Helicobacter Pylori Infection And Incidence Of Gastric Cancer Between 1980 And 2022","volume":"166","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6574358","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/6574358","article-title":"Association between helicobacter pylori infection and occurrence of anemia among pregnant women attending antenatal care in kulito health center, halaba zone, south Ethiopia, 2018","volume":"2020","author":"Abdella","year":"2020","journal-title":". 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