{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T18:52:51Z","timestamp":1793213571224,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":93,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,31]],"date-time":"2025-03-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743379200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010950","name":"Science and Technology Department, Henan Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010950","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100014208","name":"People's Government of Henan Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100014208","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>The association of B lymphocytes and B lymphocyte subsets and Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD) is increasingly acknowledged. However, there is inconsistence in the alterations of B lymphocytes or B lymphocyte subsets in peripheral blood of PD patients. To comprehensively understand its changes in PD patients,it is necessary to conduct a systematic review on this subject.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>PubMed, Cochrane Library, and MEDLINE databases were searched until 3<jats:sup>rd<\/jats:sup> February 2024.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>We included 20 studies (n=2658) to conduct this systematic review. We conducted a qualitative analysis to assess the alterations of B lymphocytes and B lymphocyte subsets in the peripheral blood of individuals with PD. And studies reviewed demonstrated a significant decrease in the number of B cells, as well as immune dysregulation in the B lymphocyte subsets of these patients\u2019 peripheral blood.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Studies reviewed demonstrated that PD is linked to abnormalities in B lymphocytes and\/or B lymphocytes subsets in peripheral blood. This study provides a novel perspective into the pathogenesis of PD, and future investigations into the B lymphocytes and\/or B lymphocyte subsets as biomarkers and therapeutic targets for PD is warranted.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1526095","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,31]],"date-time":"2025-03-31T05:21:12Z","timestamp":1743398472000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Aberrations in peripheral B lymphocytes and B lymphocyte subsets levels in Parkinson disease: a systematic review"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Hongxia","family":"Ma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ziyuan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miao","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yibo","family":"Zhai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junqiang","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(18)30499-X","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of neurological disorders, 1990-2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016","volume":"18","author":"Feigin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(24)00038-3","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of disorders affecting the nervous system, 1990-2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021","volume":"23","author":"Steinmetz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.22360","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of Parkinson disease","volume":"323","author":"Armstrong","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3727\/096368908784423328","article-title":"Neuroinflammation and peripheral immune infiltration in Parkinson\u2019s disease: an autoimmune hypothesis","volume":"17","author":"Monahan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cell Transplant"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awh625","article-title":"A possible role for humoral immunity in the pathogenesis of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"128","author":"Orr","year":"2005","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI36470","article-title":"Infiltration of CD4+ lymphocytes into the brain contributes to neurodegeneration in a mouse model of Parkinson disease","volume":"119","author":"Brochard","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9384","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21249384","article-title":"TLR7\/8 in the pathogenesis of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"21","author":"Campolo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/NEN.0b013e31829768d2","article-title":"[amp]]alpha;-Synuclein vaccination prevents the accumulation of Parkinson disease-like pathologic inclusions in striatum in association with regulatory T cell recruitment in a rat model","volume":"72","author":"Sanchez-Guajardo","year":"2013","journal-title":"J neuropathology Exp Neurol"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/NEN.0b013e31818e5e99","article-title":"Targeted overexpression of human alpha-synuclein triggers microglial activation and an adaptive immune response in a mouse model of Parkinson disease","volume":"67","author":"Theodore","year":"2008","journal-title":"J neuropathology Exp Neurol"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1038\/s41531-024-00735-w","article-title":"Neurovascular and immune factors of vulnerability of substantia nigra dopaminergic neurons in non-human primates","volume":"10","author":"Balzano","year":"2024","journal-title":"NPJ Parkinson\u2019s Dis"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2012.02.004","article-title":"Long-term polarization of microglia upon \u03b1-synuclein overexpression in nonhuman primates","volume":"208","author":"Barkholt","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-023-00902-2","article-title":"Peripheral B cells altered in Parkinson disease","volume":"19","author":"Fyfe","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000001125","article-title":"Abnormal B-cell and Tfh-cell profiles in patients with Parkinson disease: A cross-sectional study","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurology(R) neuroimmunology Neuroinflamm"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"fcad060","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcad060","article-title":"B lymphocyte responses in Parkinson\u2019s disease and their possible significance in disease progression","volume":"5","author":"Scott","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain Commun"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2012.07.015","article-title":"Reduced T helper and B lymphocytes in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"252","author":"Stevens","year":"2012","journal-title":"J neuroimmunology"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.814239","article-title":"Global characterization of peripheral B cells in Parkinson\u2019s disease by single-cell RNA and BCR sequencing","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S75","DOI":"10.3233\/JPD-223418","article-title":"B lymphocytes in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"12","author":"Scott","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Parkinson\u2019s Dis"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2008-02-078071","article-title":"B lymphocytes: how they develop and function","volume":"112","author":"LeBien","year":"2008","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"952375","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/952375","article-title":"Cellular and molecular mediators of neuroinflammation in the pathogenesis of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"2013","author":"More","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mediators Inflammation"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-11-86","article-title":"Heat shock protein 60: an endogenous inducer of dopaminergic cell death in Parkinson disease","volume":"11","author":"Noelker","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Neuroinflamm"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1007\/s12264-017-0163-9","article-title":"Peripheral lymphocyte subsets as a marker of Parkinson\u2019s disease in a Chinese population","volume":"33","author":"Cen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurosci Bull"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2010.12.001","article-title":"Immunoprotection against toxic biomarkers is retained during Parkinson\u2019s disease progression","volume":"233","author":"Gruden","year":"2011","journal-title":"J neuroimmunology"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000001036","article-title":"Dysregulation of the adaptive immune system in patients with early-stage Parkinson disease","volume":"8","author":"Yan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurology(R) neuroimmunology Neuroinflamm"},{"key":"B24","article-title":"Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA Statement","volume":"3","author":"Moher","year":"2009","journal-title":"Open medicine: peer-reviewed independent open-access J"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-010-9491-z","article-title":"Critical evaluation of the Newcastle-Ottawa scale for the assessment of the quality of nonrandomized studies in meta-analyses","volume":"25","author":"Stang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur J Epidemiol"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2014.04.005","article-title":"Single-cell trajectory detection uncovers progression and regulatory coordination in human B cell development","volume":"157","author":"Bendall","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/10428199509059636","article-title":"CD19 antigen in leukemia and lymphoma diagnosis and immunotherapy","volume":"18","author":"Scheuermann","year":"1995","journal-title":"Leukemia lymphoma"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cei\/uxac104","article-title":"Human B-cell subset identification and changes in inflammatory diseases","volume":"210","author":"Velounias","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-019-1606-1","article-title":"Regulatory impairment in untreated Parkinson\u2019s disease is not restricted to Tregs: other regulatory populations are also involved","volume":"16","author":"\u00c1lvarez-Luqu\u00edn","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Neuroinflamm"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-021-03055-2","article-title":"Increased Tc17 cell levels and imbalance of na\u00efve\/effector immune response in Parkinson\u2019s disease patients in a two-year follow-up: a case control study","volume":"19","author":"\u00c1lvarez-Luqu\u00edn","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Trans Med"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-5728(00)00422-7","article-title":"Lymphocyte populations in Parkinson\u2019s disease and in rat models of parkinsonism","volume":"113","author":"Bas","year":"2001","journal-title":"J neuroimmunology"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nrl.2018.10.004","article-title":"Peripheral blood lymphocyte phenotypes in Alzheimer and Parkinson\u2019s diseases","volume":"37","author":"Garfias","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurologia"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5114\/fn.2013.35955","article-title":"Impact of L-DOPA treatment of patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease on mononuclear subsets and phagocytosis in the peripheral blood","volume":"51","author":"Hurny","year":"2013","journal-title":"Folia neuropathologica"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-019-1482-8","article-title":"Plasma VCAM1 levels correlate with disease severity in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"16","author":"Perner","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Neuroinflamm"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-017-0404-y","article-title":"Reduced activated T lymphocytes (CD4+CD25+) and plasma levels of cytokines in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"55","author":"Rocha","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol Neurobiol"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.21037\/atm.2019.10.105","article-title":"Abnormal subpopulations of peripheral blood lymphocytes are involved in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"7","author":"Sun","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Trans Med"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105890","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2023.105890","article-title":"Abnormal immune function of B lymphocyte in peripheral blood of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"116","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Parkinsonism related Disord"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2020.572205","article-title":"Imbalance of circulating Tfh\/Tfr cells in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"11","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-023-02704-8","article-title":"The role of immune and inflammatory-related indicators in cognitive dysfunction and disease severity in patients with parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"131","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Neural Transm (Vienna Austria: 1996)"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1447-0594.2011.00740.x","article-title":"Effects of peripheral lymphocyte subpopulations and the clinical correlation with Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"12","author":"Niwa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Geriatrics gerontology Int"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.100859","article-title":"Increased epigenetic age and granulocyte counts in the blood of Parkinson\u2019s disease patients","volume":"7","author":"Horvath","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aging"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-13-86","article-title":"DNA methylation arrays as surrogate measures of cell mixture distribution","volume":"13","author":"Houseman","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Bioinf"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4475","article-title":"The role of peripheral immune cells in the CNS in steady state and disease","volume":"20","author":"Prinz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-018-0227-9","article-title":"CNS lymphatic drainage and neuroinflammation are regulated by meningeal lymphatic vasculature","volume":"21","author":"Louveau","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/s40035-019-0147-y","article-title":"Blocking meningeal lymphatic drainage aggravates Parkinson\u2019s disease-like pathology in mice overexpressing mutated \u03b1-synuclein","volume":"8","author":"Zou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trans neurodegeneration"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-018-0213-2","article-title":"Direct vascular channels connect skull bone marrow and the brain surface enabling myeloid cell migration","volume":"21","author":"Herisson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S75","DOI":"10.3233\/JPD-223418","article-title":"B Lymphocytes in Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"12","author":"Scott","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Parkinsons Dis"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-022-01919-7","article-title":"Peripheral blood cellular immunophenotype in depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"28","author":"Foley","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1186\/1750-1326-6-66","article-title":"Decreased expression of B cell related genes in leukocytes of women with Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"6","author":"Kedmi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol neurodegeneration"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-022-00684-6","article-title":"Inflammation and immune dysfunction in Parkinson disease","volume":"22","author":"Tansey","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2010.02.029","article-title":"Nonresolving inflammation","volume":"140","author":"Nathan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2015.04.005","article-title":"Regulatory B cells: origin, phenotype, and function","volume":"42","author":"Rosser","year":"2015","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.903711","article-title":"Editorial: insights into regulatory B cells","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI85113","article-title":"Human regulatory B cells in health and disease: therapeutic potential","volume":"127","author":"Mauri","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458520951536","article-title":"Defective CD19+CD24(hi)CD38(hi) transitional B-cell function in patients with relapsing-remitting MS","volume":"27","author":"Cencioni","year":"2021","journal-title":"Multiple sclerosis (Houndmills Basingstoke England)"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2022.808322","article-title":"Regulatory B cells are decreased and functionally impaired in myasthenia gravis patients","volume":"13","author":"Lin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kev331","article-title":"Decreased levels of regulatory B cells in patients with systemic sclerosis: association with autoantibody production and disease activity","volume":"55","author":"Matsushita","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rheumatol (Oxford England)"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2016.05.004","article-title":"Impaired regulatory B cells in myasthenia gravis","volume":"297","author":"Sheng","year":"2016","journal-title":"J neuroimmunology"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.2015.172.issue-1","article-title":"Impaired function of CD19(+) CD24(hi) CD38(hi) regulatory B cells in patients with pemphigus","volume":"172","author":"Zhu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-020711-074934","article-title":"Immune regulatory function of B cells","volume":"30","author":"Mauri","year":"2012","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.3A0414-213RR","article-title":"Critical role for thymic CD19+CD5+CD1dhiIL-10+ regulatory B cells in immune homeostasis","volume":"97","author":"Xing","year":"2015","journal-title":"J leukocyte Biol"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.184.6.2271","article-title":"Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis induction in genetically B cell-deficient mice","volume":"184","author":"Wolf","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni833","article-title":"B cells regulate autoimmunity by provision of IL-10","volume":"3","author":"Fillatreau","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.180.6.3655","article-title":"Cutting edge: the dependence of plasma cells and independence of memory B cells on BAFF and APRIL","volume":"180","author":"Benson","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Immunol (Baltimore Md.: 1950)"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0807841105","article-title":"BLyS inhibition eliminates primary B cells but leaves natural and acquired humoral immunity intact","volume":"105","author":"Scholz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20202057","article-title":"The BAFFling persistence of memory B cells","volume":"218","author":"Brooks","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2021.06.014","article-title":"BAFF signaling in health and disease","volume":"71","author":"Schweighoffer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr Opin Immunol"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14728222.2020.1821647","article-title":"The BAFF\/APRIL system as therapeutic target in multiple sclerosis","volume":"24","author":"Magliozzi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Expert Opin Ther Targets"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1610528","article-title":"Overexpression of the cytokine BAFF and autoimmunity risk","volume":"376","author":"Steri","year":"2017","journal-title":"New Engl J Med"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/dxl080","article-title":"A BAFF antagonist suppresses experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by targeting cell-mediated and humoral immune responses","volume":"18","author":"Huntington","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int Immunol"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1416276112","article-title":"Functional capacities of human IgM memory B cells in early inflammatory responses and secondary germinal center reactions","volume":"112","author":"Seifert","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2017.07.002","article-title":"Senescent B cells in aging and age-related diseases: Their role in the regulation of antibody responses","volume":"107","author":"Frasca","year":"2018","journal-title":"Exp gerontology"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.178.10.6624","article-title":"A new population of cells lacking expression of CD27 represents a notable component of the B cell memory compartment in systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"178","author":"Wei","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Immunol (Baltimore Md.: 1950)"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mad.2009.08.003","article-title":"A double-negative (IgD-CD27-) B cell population is increased in the peripheral blood of elderly people","volume":"130","author":"Colonna-Romano","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mech Ageing Dev"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-142412","article-title":"Double negative (IgG+IgD-CD27-) B cells are increased in a cohort of moderate-severe Alzheimer\u2019s disease patients and show a pro-inflammatory trafficking receptor phenotype","volume":"44","author":"Bulati","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Alzheimer\u2019s disease: JAD"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-092419-031130","article-title":"Age-associated B cells","volume":"38","author":"Cancro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20181124","article-title":"Widespread B cell perturbations in HIV-1 infection afflict naive and marginal zone B cells","volume":"216","author":"Liechti","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20072683","article-title":"Evidence for HIV-associated B cell exhaustion in a dysfunctional memory B cell compartment in HIV-infected viremic individuals","volume":"205","author":"Moir","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2009.03.002","article-title":"Anti-melanin antibodies are increased in sera in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"217","author":"Double","year":"2009","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0018513","article-title":"[amp]]alpha;-synuclein reactive antibodies as diagnostic biomarkers in blood sera of Parkinson\u2019s disease patients","volume":"6","author":"Yanamandra","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acschemneuro.7b00063","article-title":"Immunochemical detection of \u03b1-synuclein autoantibodies in Parkinson\u2019s disease: correlation between plasma and cerebrospinal fluid levels","volume":"8","author":"Horvath","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACS Chem Neurosci"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.3233\/JPD-202221","article-title":"Treating Parkinson\u2019s disease with antibodies: previous studies and future directions","volume":"11","author":"Castonguay","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Parkinson\u2019s Dis"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(20)30136-8","article-title":"Safety and immunogenicity of the \u03b1-synuclein active immunotherapeutic PD01A in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease: a randomised, single-blinded, phase 1 trial","volume":"19","author":"Volc","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.v303.1","article-title":"Memory B cells and plasma cells: The differentiative continuum of humoral immunity","volume":"303","author":"Cancro","year":"2021","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2016.2742","article-title":"Aberrations in peripheral inflammatory cytokine levels in Parkinson disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"73","author":"Qin","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)01478-2","article-title":"The pathogenesis of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"403","author":"Morris","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2018.08.002","article-title":"The role of T cells in the pathogenesis of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"169","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prog Neurobiol"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00218-X","article-title":"Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"397","author":"Bloem","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet (London England)"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)61393-3","article-title":"Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"386","author":"Kalia","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet (London England)"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2020.06.013","article-title":"An integrated multi-omic single-cell atlas of human B cell identity","volume":"53","author":"Glass","year":"2020","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2017.76","article-title":"Single-cell RNA sequencing to explore immune cell heterogeneity","volume":"18","author":"Papalexi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.abm9060","article-title":"Two subsets of human marginal zone B cells resolved by global analysis of lymphoid tissues and blood","volume":"7","author":"Siu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Immunol"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-019-0378-1","article-title":"Defining inflammatory cell states in rheumatoid arthritis joint synovial tissues by integrating single-cell transcriptomics and mass cytometry","volume":"20","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1526095\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,31]],"date-time":"2025-03-31T05:21:27Z","timestamp":1743398487000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1526095\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,31]]},"references-count":93,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1526095"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1526095","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,31]]},"article-number":"1526095"}}