{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]],"date-time":"2025-11-19T09:43:43Z","timestamp":1763545423496,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,19]],"date-time":"2025-09-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758240000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Pregnant women and newborns are at-risk groups for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). There is a paucity of evidence to prove the degree of perinatal passive immunity transfer from COVID-19-vaccinated or COVID-19-infected mothers to their newborns.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We prospectively investigated the vaccination and infection status of 70 women included in the study, as well as the serological characteristics of 72 newborns, to investigate the <jats:italic>in utero<\/jats:italic> transmission of maternal antibodies against COVID-19 to newborn infants between 2021 and 2022.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 70 pregnant mothers were included in the study after providing signed informed consent. After delivery, cord blood samples were collected from all 72 newborns included in the study. The COVID-19-vaccinated group had significantly higher (p &amp;lt; 0.001) values of both antibodies (NTAb*3.31 and S-RBD*1.15) in the cord blood across both the COVID-19-positive and COVID-19-negative groups. The antibody titres were the lowest in mothers who were not vaccinated and the highest in those who received three vaccination doses (p &amp;lt; 0.001). Multivariate linear regression analysis was performed using dependent variables NTAb*3.31 and S-RBD*1.15 antibodies and independent predictor variables nationality, infant\u2019s gender, COVID-19 vaccination status, and COVID-19 test status; the multivariate linear regression analysis results indicated that vaccination against COVID-19 remained a potential significant (p &amp;lt; 0.0001) predictor for both NTAb*3.31 and S-RBD*1.15 antibodies after adjusting other potential predictor variables.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>In our study, we found significantly higher titres of NTAb*3.31 and S-RBD*1.15 antibodies in newborns\u2019 cord blood whose mothers had previous COVID-19 infection or received COVID-19 vaccination; however, these titres were higher in the case of vaccination than previous infection. The more doses of vaccine received, the higher the antibody levels in newborns\u2019 cord blood. This indicates transplacental immunity transmission from mothers to their newborns after previous COVID-19 vaccination or infection.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1526264","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,19]],"date-time":"2025-09-19T05:30:37Z","timestamp":1758259837000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Impact of pregnant mothers\u2019 previous COVID-19 infection and vaccination on newborns\u2019 serological profiling"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Alaa","family":"Masry","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohammad A. 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