{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T20:35:46Z","timestamp":1793046946531,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":197,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,20]],"date-time":"2025-05-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747699200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Antibody-Associated Disease (MOGAD) is a rare acquired demyelinating syndrome manifesting as optic neuritis (ON), transverse myelitis (TM), acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM), and brainstem encephalitis. The disease is characterized by serum autoantibodies targeting myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG), which is exclusively expressed on central nervous system (CNS) myelin and oligodendrocyte membranes. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) models have been instrumental in elucidating how these antibodies trigger complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) and antibody-dependent cellular responses, leading to inflammatory demyelination. With most patients experiencing relapses and approximately 50% developing permanent disabilities, therapeutic strategies focus on reducing relapse frequency and severity. MOG-EAE models have directly informed acute treatment approaches including corticosteroids, plasma exchange (PLEX), and intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG). Mechanistic studies in MOG-EAE models have revealed complex treatment responses and identified several translational targets, including complement inhibition, B-cell depletion strategies, and cytokine-directed therapies that are now advancing to clinical trials. Current immunosuppressive therapies include azathioprine (AZA), mycophenolate mofetil (MMF), and rituximab (RTX), with their differential efficacy in MOGAD versus MS and AQP4-NMOSD now explained by EAE model findings on distinct immunopathological mechanisms. Guided by EAE translational insights into MOGAD pathophysiology, ongoing clinical trials are evaluating novel targeted therapies including complement inhibitors, plasma cell-depleting agents, and antigen-specific tolerization approaches. These EAE-derived mechanistic insights are critical for developing personalized treatment strategies that address the unique immunopathology of this challenging condition.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1530977","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,20]],"date-time":"2025-05-20T05:48:30Z","timestamp":1747720110000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Translational insights from EAE models : decoding MOGAD pathogenesis and therapeutic innovation"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Yanjia","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(22)00431-8","article-title":"Diagnosis of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease: International MOGAD Panel proposed criteria","volume":"22","author":"Banwell","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.56.3.311","article-title":"Elevated levels of antibody to myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein is not specific for patients with multiple sclerosis","volume":"56","author":"Karni","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20050304","article-title":"IgG marker of optic-spinal multiple sclerosis binds to the aquaporin-4 water channel","volume":"202","author":"Lennon","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-8-184","article-title":"Complement activating antibodies to myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein in neuromyelitis optica and related disorders","volume":"8","author":"Mader","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-018-1144-2","article-title":"MOG encephalomyelitis: international recommendations on diagnosis and antibody testing","volume":"15","author":"Jarius","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(17)30470-2","article-title":"Diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: 2017 revisions of the McDonald criteria","volume":"17","author":"Thompson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000001729","article-title":"International consensus diagnostic criteria for neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders","volume":"85","author":"Wingerchuk","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000207238","article-title":"Navigating through the recent diagnostic criteria for MOGAD: challenges and practicalities","volume":"100","author":"Ciccarelli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2024.1417814","article-title":"Comparison of ocular changes in multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder patients","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3871","article-title":"Immunopathology of multiple sclerosis","volume":"15","author":"Dendrou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2006.11.015","article-title":"Inflammation, demyelination, neurodegeneration and neuroprotection in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis","volume":"184","author":"Peterson","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-020-02132-y","article-title":"The pathology of central nervous system inflammatory demyelinating disease accompanying myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein autoantibody","volume":"139","author":"H\u00f6ftberger","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awab105","article-title":"Features of MOG required for recognition by patients with MOG antibody-associated disorders","volume":"144","author":"Macrini","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.165373","article-title":"MOGAD patient autoantibodies induce complement, phagocytosis, and cellular cytotoxicity","volume":"8","author":"Yandamuri","year":"2023","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awaa102","article-title":"Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease: an immunopathological study","volume":"143","author":"Takai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-018-0112-x","article-title":"Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibodies in neurological disease","volume":"15","author":"Reindl","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2023.1137998","article-title":"Pathophysiology of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody disease","volume":"14","author":"Corbali","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2014.141","article-title":"Treatment of neuromyelitis optica: state-of-the-art and emerging therapies","volume":"10","author":"Papadopoulos","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2009.04.004","article-title":"Anti-aquaporin-4 auto-antibodies orchestrate the pathogenesis in neuromyelitis optica","volume":"9","author":"Saikali","year":"2009","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2021.0912","article-title":"Positive predictive value of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein autoantibody testing","volume":"78","author":"Sechi","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-016-0718-0","article-title":"MOG-IgG in NMO and related disorders: a multicenter study of 50 patients. Part 2: Epidemiology, clinical presentation, radiological and laboratory features, treatment responses, and long-term outcome","volume":"13","author":"Jarius","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2024.1357633","article-title":"Low T3 syndrome is associated with the severity of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease exacerbation","volume":"18","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2024.1396520","article-title":"The complement system in neurodegenerative and inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system","volume":"15","author":"Negro-Demontel","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.2019.26.issue-1","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis - a review","volume":"26","author":"Dobson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.720907","article-title":"Therapeutic response and possible biomarkers in acute attacks of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders: A prospective observational study","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.3390\/antib13020043","article-title":"Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-antibody associated disease: an updated review of the clinical spectrum, pathogenetic mechanisms and therapeutic management","volume":"13","author":"Gklinos","year":"2024","journal-title":"Antibodies (Basel)"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2024.1415535\/full","article-title":"Soluble biomarkers for Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders: a mini review","volume":"15","author":"Rodin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1469614","article-title":"Editorial: Comorbidity in multiple sclerosis and related disorders","volume":"15","author":"Barzegar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1989.tb10930.x","article-title":"Differential ultrastructural localization of myelin basic protein, myelin\/oligodendroglial glycoprotein, and 2\u2032,3\u2032-cyclic nucleotide 3\u2032-phosphodiesterase in the CNS of adult rats","volume":"52","author":"Brunner","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1833158100","article-title":"The crystal structure of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein, a key autoantigen in multiple sclerosis","volume":"100","author":"Clements","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-019-0786-3","article-title":"Characterization of the human myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody response in demyelination","volume":"7","author":"Tea","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol Commun"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0607242103","article-title":"Identification of a pathogenic antibody response to native myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein in multiple sclerosis","volume":"103","author":"Zhou","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109734","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2023.109734","article-title":"The immune imbalance between follicular regulatory and helper T cells in myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein IgG-associated disease","volume":"255","author":"Chang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5925","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24065925","article-title":"Immune regulatory functions of macrophages and microglia in central nervous system diseases","volume":"24","author":"Poppell","year":"2024","journal-title":"IJMS"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1389203723666220815110509","article-title":"Exploring the molecular aspects of glycosylation in MOG antibodyDisease (MOGAD)","volume":"23","author":"Sharma","year":"2022","journal-title":"CPPS"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(20)30432-4","article-title":"Paediatric multiple sclerosis and antibody-associated demyelination: clinical, imaging, and biological considerations for diagnosis and care","volume":"20","author":"Fadda","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e31826aac4e","article-title":"Myelin-oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibodies in adults with a neuromyelitis optica phenotype","volume":"79","author":"Kitley","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2013.5857","article-title":"Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders with aquaporin-4 and myelin-oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibodies: a comparative study","volume":"71","author":"Kitley","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000000101","article-title":"Distinction between MOG antibody-positive and AQP4 antibody-positive NMO spectrum disorders","volume":"82","author":"Sato","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2017.4601","article-title":"Disease course and treatment responses in children with relapsing myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease","volume":"75","author":"Hacohen","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2019-322115","article-title":"Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-associated disorders are associated with HLA subtypes in a Chinese paediatric-onset cohort","volume":"91","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cei.13641","article-title":"Clinical and neuroimaging findings in MOGAD-MRI and OCT","volume":"206","author":"Bartels","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25909","article-title":"Clinical features and risk of relapse in children and adults with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease","volume":"89","author":"Cobo-Calvo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(21)00218-0","article-title":"Myelin-oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease","volume":"20","author":"Marignier","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-022-04428-6","article-title":"Human myelin proteolipid protein structure and lipid bilayer stacking","volume":"79","author":"Ruskamo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Mol Life Sci"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/1531-8249(199912)46:6<878::AID-ANA10>3.0.CO;2-Q","article-title":"A randomized trial of plasma exchange in acute central nervous system inflammatory demyelinating disease","volume":"46","author":"Weinshenker","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.37349\/ent","article-title":"The diagnosis of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD) in children","volume":"4","author":"Y\u0131lmaz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Explor Neuroprot Ther"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.5935\/0004-2749.20230012","article-title":"Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated optic neuritis: an update","volume":"86","author":"Messias","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arq Bras Oftalmol"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11940-023-00776-1","article-title":"Emerging principles for treating myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD)","volume":"25","author":"Wolf","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr Treat Options Neurol"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-023-11737-8","article-title":"Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD): current understanding and challenges","volume":"270","author":"Al-Ani","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000005560","article-title":"Clinical spectrum and prognostic value of CNS MOG autoimmunity in adults: The MOGADOR study","volume":"90","author":"Cobo-Calvo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awx276","article-title":"Clinical presentation and prognosis in MOG-antibody disease: a UK study","volume":"140","author":"Jurynczyk","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2024-333463","article-title":"Oral corticosteroid dosage and taper duration at onset in myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease influences time to first relapse","volume":"95","author":"Trewin","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22010100","article-title":"Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease: current insights into the disease pathophysiology, diagnosis and management","volume":"22","author":"Ambrosius","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"a028977","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a028977","article-title":"Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) as animal models of multiple sclerosis (MS)","volume":"8","author":"Glatigny","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1521-4141(199911)29:11<3432::AID-IMMU3432>3.0.CO;2-2","article-title":"B cells are critical to induction of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis by protein but not by a short encephalitogenic peptide","volume":"29","author":"Lyons","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000001095","article-title":"Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein-Immunoglobulin G in the CSF: Clinical Implication of Testing and Association With Disability","volume":"9","author":"Kwon","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI116875","article-title":"Reactivity to myelin antigens in multiple sclerosis. Peripheral blood lymphocytes respond predominantly to myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein","volume":"92","author":"Kerlero de Rosbo","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00529","article-title":"Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein: deciphering a target in inflammatory demyelinating diseases","volume":"8","author":"Peschl","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1756285611433772","article-title":"Glycoproteins as targets of autoantibodies in CNS inflammation: MOG and more","volume":"5","author":"Mayer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ther Adv Neurol Disord"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.v36:2","article-title":"and B-cell responses to myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and multiple sclerosis","volume":"36","author":"Iglesias","year":"2001","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.178.5.3323","article-title":"C3d binding to the myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein results in an exacerbated experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis","volume":"178","author":"J\u00e9gou","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.575451","article-title":"Mannan-MOG35\u201355 reverses experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, inducing a peripheral type 2 myeloid response, reducing CNS inflammation, and preserving axons in spinal cord lesions","volume":"11","author":"Dagkonaki","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13368","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241713368","article-title":"Pathogenesis, clinical features, and treatment of patients with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) autoantibody-associated disorders focusing on optic neuritis with consideration of autoantibody-binding sites: A review","volume":"24","author":"Tanaka","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-023-02552-6","article-title":"IL-10-providing B cells govern pro-inflammatory activity of macrophages and microglia in CNS autoimmunity","volume":"145","author":"Geladaris","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20130699","article-title":"MHC class II-dependent B cell APC function is required for induction of CNS autoimmunity independent of myelin-specific antibodies","volume":"210","author":"Molnarfi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2300648120","article-title":"Dissection of complement and Fc-receptor-mediated pathomechanisms of autoantibodies to myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein","volume":"120","author":"Mader","year":"2023","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-016-1559-8","article-title":"Myelin-reactive antibodies initiate T cell-mediated CNS autoimmune disease by opsonization of endogenous antigen","volume":"132","author":"Kinzel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.22081","article-title":"B-cell activation influences T-cell polarization and outcome of anti-CD20 B-cell depletion in central nervous system autoimmunity","volume":"68","author":"Weber","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI36030","article-title":"Regulatory B cells inhibit EAE initiation in mice while other B cells promote disease progression","volume":"118","author":"Matsushita","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0061478","article-title":"Secondary B cell receptor diversification is necessary for T cell mediated neuro-inflammation during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis","volume":"8","author":"Galicia","year":"2013","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm5120107","article-title":"Inebilizumab, a B cell-depleting anti-CD19 antibody for the treatment of autoimmune neurological diseases: insights from preclinical studies","volume":"5","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20090299","article-title":"Spontaneous relapsing-remitting EAE in the SJL\/J mouse: MOG-reactive transgenic T cells recruit endogenous MOG-specific B cells","volume":"206","author":"P\u00f6llinger","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.996469","article-title":"Autoreactive lymphocytes in multiple sclerosis: Pathogenesis and treatment target","volume":"13","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-022-02420-2","article-title":"Treatment regimens for neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder attacks: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"19","author":"Demuth","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2023.1187824","article-title":"A retrospective study of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease from a clinical laboratory perspective","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1237149","article-title":"Basic CSF parameters and MRZ reaction help in differentiating MOG antibody-associated autoimmune disease versus multiple sclerosis","volume":"14","author":"Vlad","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-021-02160-9","article-title":"Age-dependent favorable visual recovery despite significant retinal atrophy in pediatric MOGAD: how much retina do you really need to see well","volume":"18","author":"Havla","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2017-316880","article-title":"Clinical course, therapeutic responses and outcomes in relapsing MOG antibody-associated demyelination","volume":"89","author":"Ramanathan","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.42780","article-title":"Factors associated with relapse and treatment of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease in the United Kingdom","volume":"5","author":"Satukijchai","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000001095","article-title":"Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-immunoglobulin G in the CSF","volume":"9","author":"Kwon","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.52001","article-title":"Peripheral nervous system manifestations of MOG antibody associated disease","volume":"11","author":"Gupta","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann Clin Trans Neurol"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2024-333554","article-title":"Clinical P, prognostic, Jun 06; pathophysiological implications of MI detection in the C the importance of intrathecal MI synthesis JNNP 2024, PracticeUpdate. [cited 2024 Jul 30]. Clinical, Prognostic, and Pathophysiological Implications of CSF MOG-IgG Detection","volume":"95","author":"Greco","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neurol J Neurosurgery"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1017385108","article-title":"Interleukin 6 signaling promotes anti-aquaporin 4 autoantibody production from plasmablasts in neuromyelitis optica","volume":"108","author":"Chihara","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-015-0260-9","article-title":"Autoimmune encephalitis in humans: how closely does it reflect multiple sclerosis","volume":"3","author":"H\u00f6ftberger","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol Commun"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.165.5.2859","article-title":"Butyrophilin, a milk protein, modulates the encephalitogenic T cell response to myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis","volume":"165","author":"Stefferl","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1006\/geno.2001.6600","article-title":"Cloning and characterization of human erythroid membrane-associated protein, human ERMAP","volume":"76","author":"Xu","year":"2001","journal-title":"Genomics"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.165.9.5360","article-title":"Development of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein autoreactive transgenic B lymphocytes: receptor editing in vivo after encounter of a self-antigen distinct from myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein","volume":"165","author":"Litzenburger","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.21916","article-title":"Antibodies to native myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein in children with inflammatory demyelinating central nervous system disease","volume":"66","author":"Brilot","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1519608113","article-title":"Autoantibody-boosted T-cell reactivation in the target organ triggers manifestation of autoimmune CNS disease","volume":"113","author":"Flach","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/314537a0","article-title":"Antigen-specific interaction between T and B cells","volume":"314","author":"Lanzavecchia","year":"1985","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000625","article-title":"Identification of circulating MOG-specific B cells in patients with MOG antibodies","volume":"6","author":"Winklmeier","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000311","article-title":"Effects of neuromyelitis optica-IgG at the blood-brain barrier in vitro.","volume":"4","author":"Takeshita","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2019.101397","article-title":"The imbalance between regulatory and memory B cells accompanied by an increased number of circulating T-follicular helper cells in MOG-antibody-associated demyelination","volume":"36","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mult Scler Relat Disord"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.26226","article-title":"Complement activation is a prominent feature of MOGAD","volume":"90","author":"Keller","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0149411","article-title":"B cell, th17, and neutrophil related cerebrospinal fluid cytokine\/chemokines are elevated in MOG antibody associated demyelination","volume":"11","author":"Kothur","year":"2016","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2018-317969","article-title":"CSF cytokine profile in MOG-IgG+ neurological disease is similar to AQP4-IgG+ NMOSD but distinct from MS: a cross-sectional study and potential therapeutic implications","volume":"89","author":"Kaneko","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-021-00652-6","article-title":"B cells in central nervous system disease: diversity, locations and pathophysiology","volume":"22","author":"Jain","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.01188","article-title":"Comparative analysis of T-cell responses to aquaporin-4 and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein in inflammatory demyelinating central nervous system diseases","volume":"11","author":"Hofer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1822013116","article-title":"DNA threads released by activated CD4+ T lymphocytes provide autocrine costimulation","volume":"116","author":"Costanza","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.168.8.4173","article-title":"De novo central nervous system processing of myelin antigen is required for the initiation of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis","volume":"168","author":"Tompkins","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/324258a0","article-title":"T-cell epitope of the autoantigen myelin basic protein that induces encephalomyelitis","volume":"324","author":"Zamvil","year":"1986","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI13360","article-title":"Requirement for endocytic antigen processing and influence of invariant chain and H-2M deficiencies in CNS autoimmunity","volume":"108","author":"Slavin","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0901906","article-title":"Th1, th17, and th9 effector cells induce experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis with different pathological phenotypes1","volume":"183","author":"J\u00e4ger","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.89.2.574","article-title":"Inflammatory leukocytes and cytokines in the peptide-induced disease of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in SJL and B10.PL mice","volume":"89","author":"Merrill","year":"1992","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20041257","article-title":"IL-23 drives a pathogenic T cell population that induces autoimmune inflammation","volume":"201","author":"Langrish","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0812530106","article-title":"IL-9 induces differentiation of TH17 cells and enhances function of FoxP3+ natural regulatory T cells","volume":"106","author":"Elyaman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.679770","article-title":"Regulatory T Cells Increase After rh-MOG Stimulation in Non-Relapsing but Decrease in Relapsing MOG Antibody-Associated Disease at Onset in Children","volume":"12","author":"Horellou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0504979102","article-title":"Pathogenic myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibodies recognize glycosylated epitopes and perturb oligodendrocyte physiology","volume":"102","author":"Marta","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"B110","article-title":"The demyelinating potential of antibodies to myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein is related to their ability to fix complement","volume":"143","author":"Piddlesden","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"B111","article-title":"Augmentation of demyelination in rat acute allergic encephalomyelitis by circulating mouse monoclonal antibodies directed against a myelin\/oligodendrocyte glycoprotein","volume":"130","author":"Linington","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2023.1014071","article-title":"Complement-dependent cytotoxicity of human autoantibodies against myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein","volume":"17","author":"Kohyama","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000200059","article-title":"More efficient complement activation by anti\u2013aquaporin-4 compared with anti\u2013myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibodies","volume":"10","author":"Lerch","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-5728(97)00241-5","article-title":"The expression of complement regulatory proteins by adult human oligodendrocytes","volume":"84","author":"Scolding","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104570","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104570","article-title":"Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio may be a useful marker in distinguishing MOGAD and MS and platelet to lymphocyte ratio associated with MOGAD activity","volume":"71","author":"Lin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mult Scler Relat Disord"},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2015-312676","article-title":"Myelin injury without astrocytopathy in neuroinflammatory disorders with MOG antibodies","volume":"87","author":"Kaneko","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678X16655551","article-title":"Matrix metalloproteinases in the brain and blood-brain barrier: Versatile breakers and makers","volume":"36","author":"Rempe","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab"},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2016.06.017","article-title":"The contribution of neutrophils to CNS autoimmunity","volume":"189","author":"Pierson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2015-05-645424","article-title":"Neutrophil oxidative burst activates ATM to regulate cytokine production and apoptosis","volume":"126","author":"Harbort","year":"2015","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-016-0062-5","article-title":"Current understanding of platelet-activating factor signaling in central nervous system diseases","volume":"54","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol Neurobiol"},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.4103\/0366-6999.204110","article-title":"Neutralization of interleukin-9 decreasing mast cells infiltration in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis","volume":"130","author":"Yin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chin Med J"},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2021.01.004","article-title":"Dectin-1 limits autoimmune neuroinflammation and promotes myeloid cell-astrocyte crosstalk via Card9-independent expression of Oncostatin M","volume":"54","author":"Deerhake","year":"2021","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20080155","article-title":"Regional CNS responses to IFN-gamma determine lesion localization patterns during EAE pathogenesis","volume":"205","author":"Lees","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201040489","article-title":"EAE mediated by a non-IFN-\u03b3\/non-IL-17 pathway","volume":"40","author":"Kroenke","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1400825","article-title":"Site-specific chemokine expression regulates central nervous system inflammation and determines clinical phenotype in autoimmune encephalomyelitis","volume":"193","author":"Stoolman","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000200035","article-title":"Temporal dynamics of MOG antibodies in children with acquired demyelinating syndrome","volume":"9","author":"Wendel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm"},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2023.02.019","article-title":"Clinical and radiologic features among children with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated myelitis","volume":"143","author":"Ren","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurol"},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2022-330901","article-title":"Clinical feature and disease outcome in patients with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disorder: a Chinese study","volume":"94","author":"ZhangBao","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103526","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2022.103526","article-title":"Clinical analysis of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated demyelination in children: A single-center cohort study in China","volume":"58","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mult Scler Relat Disord"},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000572","article-title":"Does time equal vision in the acute treatment of a cohort of AQP4 and MOG optic neuritis","volume":"6","author":"Stiebel-Kalish","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurology(R) neuroimmunol neuroinflammation"},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2055217318787829","DOI":"10.1177\/2055217318787829","article-title":"MOG-IgG-associated disease has a stereotypical clinical course, asymptomatic visual impairment and good treatment response","volume":"4","author":"Pandit","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mult Scler J Exp Transl Clin"},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6673","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-43217-3","article-title":"High dose of dexamethasone protects against EAE-induced motor deficits but impairs learning\/memory in C57BL\/6 mice","volume":"9","author":"dos Santos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Reports"},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.1021\/mp4005172","article-title":"Treatment of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by codelivery of disease associated peptide and dexamethasone in acetalated dextran microparticles","volume":"11","author":"Peine","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2021.640084","article-title":"MANF is neuroprotective in early stages of EAE, and elevated in spinal white matter by treatment with dexamethasone","volume":"15","author":"Nam","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Cell Neurosci"},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-018-9122-2","article-title":"Neurological update: MOG antibody disease","volume":"266","author":"Wynford-Thomas","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-020-10026-y","article-title":"Treatment of MOG antibody associated disorders: results of an international survey","volume":"267","author":"Whittam","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"B137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000008551","article-title":"Prognostic indicators of improvement with therapeutic plasma exchange in pediatric demyelination","volume":"93","author":"Savransky","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpn.2020.10.005","article-title":"E.U. paediatric MOG consortium consensus: Part 5 \u2013 Treatment of paediatric myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disorders","volume":"29","author":"Bruijstens","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Paediatric Neurol"},{"key":"B139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458516631038","article-title":"Children with multiphasic disseminated encephalomyelitis and antibodies to the myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG): Extending the spectrum of MOG antibody positive diseases","volume":"22","author":"Baumann","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"B140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000009758","article-title":"Steroid-sparing maintenance immunotherapy for MOG-IgG associated disorder","volume":"95","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103727","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2022.103727","article-title":"Clinical analysis of adult MOG antibody-associated cortical encephalitis","volume":"60","author":"Yao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mult Scler Relat Disord"},{"key":"B142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(19)30488-0","article-title":"Associations of paediatric demyelinating and encephalitic syndromes with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibodies: a multicentre observational study","volume":"19","author":"Armangue","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"B143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458512466317","article-title":"Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis followed by recurrent or monophasic optic neuritis in pediatric patients","volume":"19","author":"Huppke","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"B144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2022.885218","article-title":"Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD): A review of clinical and MRI features, diagnosis, and management","volume":"13","author":"Sechi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"B145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102483","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2020.102483","article-title":"Off-label use of tocilizumab in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders and MOG-antibody-associated diseases: A case-series","volume":"46","author":"Rigal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mult Scler Relat Disord"},{"key":"B146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000001100","article-title":"Interleukin-6 receptor blockade in treatment-refractory MOG-igG-associated disease and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders","volume":"9","author":"Ringelstein","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm"},{"key":"B147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102696","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2020.102696","article-title":"Interleukin-6 inhibition with tocilizumab for relapsing MOG-IgG associated disorder (MOGAD): A case-series and review","volume":"48","author":"Elsbernd","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mult Scler Relat Disord"},{"key":"B148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-020-0374-8","article-title":"Mycophenolate mofetil, azathioprine and tacrolimus: mechanisms in rheumatology","volume":"16","author":"Broen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Rheumatol"},{"key":"B149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)10310-X","article-title":"Mycophenolate mofetil","volume":"348","author":"Lipsky","year":"1996","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102466","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2020.102466","article-title":"Post-rituximab immunoglobulin M (IgM) hypogammaglobulinemia","volume":"19","author":"Kridin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"key":"B151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25648","article-title":"Comparison of the response to rituximab between myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein and aquaporin-4 antibody diseases","volume":"87","author":"Durozard","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"B152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.2018.25.issue-5","article-title":"Paediatric acute disseminated encephalomyelitis followed by optic neuritis: disease course, treatment response and outcome","volume":"25","author":"Wong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"B153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2022.0489","article-title":"Association of maintenance intravenous immunoglobulin with prevention of relapse in adult myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease","volume":"79","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"B154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-019-1525-1","article-title":"Evaluation of treatment response in adults with relapsing MOG-Ab-associated disease","volume":"16","author":"Cobo-Calvo","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"B155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104571","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104571","article-title":"Meta-analysis of the effectiveness of relapse prevention therapy for myelin-oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease","volume":"72","author":"Chang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mult Scler Relat Disord"},{"key":"B156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2020.102251","article-title":"Treatment of MOG-IgG-associated disorder with rituximab: An international study of 121 patients","volume":"44","author":"Whittam","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mult Scler Relat Disord"},{"key":"B157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2018.12.001","article-title":"Follow-up study on Chinese children with relapsing MOG-IgG-associated central nervous system demyelination","volume":"28","author":"Zhou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mult Scler Relat Disord"},{"key":"B158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.14336","article-title":"Rituximab in children with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody and relapsing neuroinflammatory disease","volume":"62","author":"Albassam","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"key":"B159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2019.00868","article-title":"Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) antibody diseases in children in central south China: clinical features, treatments, influencing factors, and outcomes","volume":"10","author":"Mao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"B160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmg.2016.09.014","article-title":"Mycophenolate mofetil embryopathy: A newly recognized teratogenic syndrome","volume":"60","author":"Perez-Aytes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Med Genet"},{"key":"B161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.671425","article-title":"Case report: myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disorder masquerading as multiple sclerosis: an under-recognized entity","volume":"12","author":"Zheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2023.1210972","article-title":"Transverse myelitis in myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease","volume":"14","author":"Perez-Giraldo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"B163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2017.4601","article-title":"Disease course and treatment responses in children with relapsing myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody\u2013associated disease","volume":"75","author":"Hacohen","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"B164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-022-03679-3","article-title":"Clinical characteristics and prognosis of pediatric myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated diseases in China","volume":"22","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr"},{"key":"B165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/ker296","article-title":"Tocilizumab: a novel therapy for patients with large-vessel vasculitis","volume":"51","author":"Salvarani","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"B166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2008.092932","article-title":"IL-6 receptor inhibition with tocilizumab improves treatment outcomes in patients with rheumatoid arthritis refractory to anti-tumour necrosis factor biologicals: results from a 24-week multicentre randomised placebo-controlled trial","volume":"67","author":"Emery","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"B167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000201260","article-title":"Long-term effectiveness and safety of rituximab in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder and MOG antibody disease","volume":"99","author":"Barreras","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.59938","article-title":"Extremely longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis in a patient with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease","volume":"16","author":"Okubo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"B169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radcr.2024.08.032","article-title":"Extensive brainstem lesions in myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD): A case report","volume":"19","author":"Kojita","year":"2024","journal-title":"Radiol Case Rep"},{"key":"B170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.59840","article-title":"Unravelling the complexity of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease","volume":"16","author":"Abbas","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"B171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2022.0489","article-title":"Association of maintenance intravenous immunoglobulin with prevention of relapse in adult myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody\u2013associated disease","volume":"79","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"B172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2006.068064","article-title":"Study of active controlled monotherapy used for rheumatoid arthritis, an IL-6 inhibitor (SAMURAI): evidence of clinical and radiographic benefit from an x ray reader-blinded randomised controlled trial of tocilizumab","volume":"66","author":"Nishimoto","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"B173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0000000000000828","article-title":"Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease: current topics","volume":"33","author":"Fujihara","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurol"},{"key":"B174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458516678474","article-title":"Effectiveness of mycophenolate mofetil as first-line therapy in AQP4-IgG, MOG-IgG, and seronegative neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders","volume":"23","author":"Montcuquet","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"B175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458520932798","article-title":"Rituximab in patients with pediatric multiple sclerosis and other demyelinating disorders of the CNS: Practical considerations","volume":"27","author":"Ghezzi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"B176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40120-023-00481-w","article-title":"Tailoring rituximab according to CD27-positive B-cell versus CD19-positive B-cell monitoring in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder and MOG-associated disease: results from a single-center study","volume":"12","author":"Bruschi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurol Ther"},{"key":"B177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103462","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2021.103462","article-title":"Treatment of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody associated disease with subcutaneous immune globulin","volume":"57","author":"Sotirchos","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mult Scler Relat Disord"},{"key":"B178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000919","article-title":"Targeting B cells to modify MS, NMOSD, and MOGAD: Part 2","volume":"8","author":"Graf","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm"},{"key":"B179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-023-01933-1","article-title":"Rozanolixizumab: first approval","volume":"83","author":"Hoy","year":"2023","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"B180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.363824","article-title":"FcRn inhibitors: a novel option for the treatment of myasthenia gravis","volume":"18","author":"Zhu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neural Regener Res"},{"key":"B181","volume-title":"A study to evaluate the efficacy, safety, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of satralizumab in patients with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD)","author":"Hoffmann-La Roche","year":"2024"},{"key":"B182","unstructured":"Pharmaceutical products\n          \n          \n          \n          2024"},{"key":"B183","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-020-01380-2","article-title":"Satralizumab: first approval","volume":"80","author":"Heo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"B184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1097\/BS9.0000000000000068","article-title":"CT103A, a forward step in multiple myeloma immunotherapies","volume":"3","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Blood Sci"},{"key":"B185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.20524\/aog.2019.0370","article-title":"Pathophysiological and clinical aspects of the diagnosis and treatment of bezoars","volume":"32","author":"Paschos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Gastroenterol"},{"key":"B186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2306572120","article-title":"T cell deletional tolerance restricts AQP4 but not MOG CNS autoimmunity","volume":"120","author":"Sagan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"B187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000200141","article-title":"Modeling MOG antibody-associated disorder and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder in animal models: visual system manifestations","volume":"10","author":"Remlinger","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm"},{"key":"B188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1097\/WNO.0000000000001772","article-title":"The potential pathogenicity of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibodies in the optic pathway","volume":"43","author":"Lerch","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Neuroophthalmol"},{"key":"B189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-024-12438-6","article-title":"Assessing the applicability of the 2023 international MOGAD panel criteria in real-world clinical settings","volume":"271","author":"Rechtman","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"B190","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-5-22","article-title":"Neuromyelitis optica pathogenesis and aquaporin 4","volume":"5","author":"Graber","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"B191","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000012467","article-title":"Comparison of MRI lesion evolution in different central nervous system demyelinating disorders","volume":"97","author":"Sechi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0404.980405","article-title":"Cell-to-cell signaling and Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections","volume":"4","author":"Van Delden","year":"1998","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"B193","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000200268","article-title":"Serum proteomics distinguish subtypes of NMO spectrum disorder and MOG antibody-associated disease and highlight effects of B-cell depletion","volume":"11","author":"Gawde","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm"},{"key":"B194","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-023-01614-w","article-title":"Bruton\u2019s tyrosine kinase inhibition reduces disease severity in a model of secondary progressive autoimmune demyelination","volume":"11","author":"Evonuk","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol Commun"},{"key":"B195","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000001134","article-title":"Antineonatal fc receptor antibody treatment ameliorates MOG-igG\u2013associated experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis","volume":"9","author":"Remlinger","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm"},{"key":"B196","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2020-324826","article-title":"Brain structural alterations in MOG antibody diseases: a comparative study with AQP4 seropositive NMOSD and MS","volume":"92","author":"Duan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"B197","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/aww350","article-title":"Distinct brain imaging characteristics of autoantibody-mediated CNS conditions and multiple sclerosis","volume":"140","author":"Jurynczyk","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1530977\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,20]],"date-time":"2025-05-20T05:48:34Z","timestamp":1747720114000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1530977\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,20]]},"references-count":197,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1530977"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1530977","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,20]]},"article-number":"1530977"}}