{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T21:41:13Z","timestamp":1791409273906,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":180,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,29]],"date-time":"2025-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738108800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>The brain and spinal cord, collectively known as the central nervous system, are encapsulated by an overlapping series of membranes known as the meninges. Once considered primarily a physical barrier for central nervous system protection, the bordering meninges are now recognized as highly immunologically active. The meninges host diverse resident immune cells and serve as a critical interface with peripheral immunity, playing multifaceted roles in maintaining central nervous system homeostasis, responding to pathogenic threats, and neurological disorders. This review summarizes recent advancements in our understanding of meningeal immunity including its structural composition, physiological functions, and role in health and disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1531068","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,29]],"date-time":"2025-01-29T05:24:04Z","timestamp":1738128244000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Immune conversations at the border: meningeal immunity in health and disease"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Preya U.","family":"Patel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aryan","family":"Regmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angelina I.","family":"Dass","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olga L.","family":"Rojas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","unstructured":"Neuroanatomy, cranial meninges\n          \n          \n            \n              Ghannam\n              JY\n            \n            \n              Al Kharazi\n              KA\n            \n          \n          Treasure Island (FL\n          StatPearls Publishing\n          StatPearls\n          \n          2024"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20091419","article-title":"Regulation of learning and memory by meningeal immunity: a key role for IL-4","volume":"207","author":"Derecki","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.167.8.4644","article-title":"Meningeal and perivascular macrophages of the central nervous system play a protective role during bacterial meningitis","volume":"2001167","author":"Polfliet","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Immunol Baltim Md"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1000","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.12.040","article-title":"Functional characterization of the dural sinuses as a neuroimmune interface","volume":"184","author":"Rustenhoven","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2886-4","article-title":"Gut-educated IgA plasma cells defend the meningeal venous sinuses","volume":"587","author":"Fitzpatrick","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-018-0213-2","article-title":"Direct vascular channels connect skull bone marrow and the brain surface enabling myeloid cell migration","volume":"21","author":"Herisson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abf9277","article-title":"Heterogeneity of meningeal B cells reveals a lymphopoietic niche at the CNS borders","volume":"373","author":"Brioschi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abf7844","article-title":"Skull and vertebral bone marrow are myeloid cell reservoirs for the meninges and CNS parenchyma","volume":"373","author":"Cugurra","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-07202-9","article-title":"Venous-plexus-associated lymphoid hubs support meningeal humoral immunity","volume":"628","author":"Fitzpatrick","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nature."},{"key":"B10","first-page":"53","article-title":"The origin of subdural neomembranes. 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