{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T10:02:51Z","timestamp":1786356171182,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":97,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,15]],"date-time":"2025-04-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744675200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Asthma is a complex, chronic inflammatory condition of the airways that comes in many forms. Because different inflammatory processes drive it, we can generally categorize asthma into two main types: type 2 inflammatory asthma and non-type 2 inflammatory asthma. Type 2 inflammation is usually the culprit in most folks grappling with severe asthma. There is a noticeable difference in the treatment approaches for different phenotypes of severe asthma. The main reason is that patients suffering from type 2 inflammatory asthma can respond well to treatment with biological agents. Several well-verified biological agents, such as anti-immunoglobulin E (IgE) monoclonal antibodies, anti-interleukin (IL)-4 monoclonal antibodies, anti-IL-5 monoclonal antibodies, and anti-thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) monoclonal antibodies, have shown outstanding effectiveness. They can significantly alleviate asthma exacerbations, lower the number of eosinophils, improve pulmonary function, decrease the dependence on oral corticosteroids, and elevate the quality of life for patients with asthma. This discourse meticulously evaluates the therapeutic prowess of biological agents in the treatment and control of severe asthma, concurrently investigating their impact on histological indices, to highlight the crucial role of precision medicine in the strategic concatenation of therapy for this refractory malady.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1531986","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,15]],"date-time":"2025-04-15T05:21:32Z","timestamp":1744694492000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["The clinical and pathological histology efficacy of biological therapy for severe asthma with a phenotype of type 2 inflammation - systematic review"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Junhui","family":"Ma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiang","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Panpan","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiaxin","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiarui","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fuhua","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bing","family":"Zhuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15025","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2015.25","article-title":"Asthma","volume":"1","author":"Holgate","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra2032506","article-title":"Biologic therapies for severe asthma","volume":"386","author":"Brusselle","year":"2022","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B3","unstructured":"2024 GINA report, global strategy for asthma management and prevention (2024 update)"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2317356","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890.2024.2317356","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of complete responders versus non-complete responders to omalizumab, benralizumab and mepolizumab in patients with severe asthma: a long-term retrospective analysis","volume":"56","author":"Basagana","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann Med"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1285598","article-title":"Exploring the immunopathology of type 2 inflammatory airway diseases","volume":"15","author":"AlBloushi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anai.2022.12.018","article-title":"A comparison of the effectiveness of biologic therapies for asthma: A systematic review and network meta-analysis","volume":"130","author":"Pitre","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/all.14221","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of treatment with biologicals (benralizumab, dupilumab, mepolizumab, omalizumab and reslizumab) for severe eosinophilic asthma. A systematic review for the EAACI Guidelines - recommendations on the use of biologicals in severe asthma","volume":"75","author":"Agache","year":"2020","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20221212","article-title":"Type 2 inflammation and biological therapies in asthma: Targeted medicine taking flight","volume":"220","author":"Howell","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2024.112189","article-title":"Precision medicine for severe asthma - Biological targeted therapy","volume":"134","author":"Sun","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/M18-0850","article-title":"PRISMA extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-scR): checklist and explanation","volume":"169","author":"Tricco","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Internal Med"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00588-2019","article-title":"Management of severe asthma: a European Respiratory Society\/American Thoracic Society guideline","volume":"55","author":"Holguin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/all.14318","article-title":"Type 2 immunity in the skin and lungs","volume":"75","author":"Akdis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/all.14732","article-title":"Peripheral airways type 2 inflammation, neutrophilia and microbial dysbiosis in severe asthma","volume":"76","author":"Azim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/all.v75.11","article-title":"Role of IL-25, IL-33, and TSLP in triggering united airway diseases toward type 2 inflammation","volume":"75","author":"Hong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.02.016","article-title":"The basic immunology of asthma","volume":"184","author":"Hammad","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/all.14611","article-title":"Dupilumab is effective in type 2-high asthma patients receiving high-dose inhaled corticosteroids at baseline","volume":"76","author":"Bourdin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14728222.2020.1783242","article-title":"Thymic stromal lymphopoietin: its role and potential as a therapeutic target in asthma","volume":"24","author":"Gauvreau","year":"2020","journal-title":"Expert Opin Ther Targets"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI95693","article-title":"Mucus plugs in patients with asthma linked to eosinophilia and airflow obstruction","volume":"128","author":"Dunican","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.alit.2022.11.008","article-title":"Biologics for severe asthma: The real-world evidence, effectiveness of switching, and prediction factors for the efficacy","volume":"72","author":"Nagase","year":"2023","journal-title":"Allergol Int"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/all.15918","article-title":"Tezepelumab decreases airway epithelial IL-33 and T2-inflammation in response to viral stimulation in patients with asthma","volume":"79","author":"Sverrild","year":"2023","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2312382","article-title":"Omalizumab for the treatment of multiple food allergies","volume":"390","author":"Wood","year":"2024","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/all.14668","article-title":"Real-life study in non-atopic severe asthma patients achieving disease control by omalizumab treatment","volume":"76","author":"Campo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2021.01.011","article-title":"Real-world effectiveness of omalizumab in severe allergic asthma: A meta-analysis of observational studies","volume":"9","author":"Bousquet","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cea.13882","article-title":"Real-world Omalizumab and Mepolizumab treated difficult asthma phenotypes and their clinical outcomes","volume":"51","author":"Fong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Exp Allergy"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2023.10.046","article-title":"Clinical response and remission in patients with severe asthma treated with biologic therapies","volume":"165","author":"Hansen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2020.05.032","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of omalizumab in nasal polyposis: 2 randomized phase 3 trials","volume":"146","author":"Gevaert","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anai.2022.01.025","article-title":"Impact of body mass index on omalizumab response in adults with moderate-to-severe allergic asthma","volume":"128","author":"Geng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pulmoe.2018.01.005","article-title":"Severe asthma in obese patients: Improvement of lung function after treatment with omalizumab","volume":"25","author":"Oliveira","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pulmonology"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201208-1414OC","article-title":"Exploring the effects of omalizumab in allergic asthma: an analysis of biomarkers in the EXTRA study","volume":"187","author":"Hanania","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/all.2018.73.issue-2","article-title":"Response to omalizumab using patient enrichment criteria from trials of novel biologics in asthma","volume":"73","author":"Casale","year":"2018","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(16)30031-5","article-title":"Severe eosinophilic asthma treated with mepolizumab stratified by baseline eosinophil thresholds: a secondary analysis of the DREAM and MENSA studies","volume":"4","author":"Ortega","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2017.01.011","article-title":"Reslizumab in patients with inadequately controlled late-onset asthma and elevated blood eosinophils","volume":"43","author":"Brusselle","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pulmonary Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(17)30344-2","article-title":"Predictors of enhanced response with benralizumab for patients with severe asthma: pooled analysis of the SIROCCO and CALIMA studies","volume":"6","author":"FitzGerald","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00936-2018","article-title":"Baseline patient factors impact on the clinical efficacy of benralizumab for severe asthma","volume":"52","author":"Bleecker","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2021.02.048","article-title":"Real-world effectiveness of anti-IL-5\/5R therapy in severe atopic eosinophilic asthma with fungal sensitization","volume":"9","author":"Dhariwal","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-021-01746-4","article-title":"Mepolizumab improves clinical outcomes in patients with severe asthma and comorbid conditions","volume":"22","author":"Gibson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Respir Res"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2020.03.042","article-title":"Real-world effectiveness and the characteristics of a \u201cSuper-responder\u201d to mepolizumab in severe eosinophilic asthma","volume":"158","author":"Kavanagh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3650","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2023.07.024","article-title":"Mepolizumab in patients with severe asthma and comorbidities: 1-year REALITI-A analysis","volume":"11","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2020.02.002","article-title":"Severe eosinophilic asthma with nasal polyposis: A phenotype for improved sinonasal and asthma outcomes with mepolizumab therapy","volume":"145","author":"Howarth","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/all.15867","article-title":"Biologics (mepolizumab and omalizumab) induced remission in severe asthma patients","volume":"79","author":"Thomas","year":"2024","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2022.04.014","article-title":"Real-world effectiveness of reslizumab in patients with severe eosinophilic asthma - first initiators and switchers","volume":"10","author":"Hashimoto","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol In Pract"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(15)00042-9","article-title":"Reslizumab for inadequately controlled asthma with elevated blood eosinophil counts: results from two multicentre, parallel, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trials","volume":"3","author":"Castro","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2016.03.018","article-title":"Phase 3 study of reslizumab in patients with poorly controlled asthma: effects across a broad range of eosinophil counts","volume":"150","author":"Corren","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjresp-2019-000494","article-title":"Reslizumab as add-on therapy in patients with refractory asthma","volume":"7","author":"Virchow","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Open Respir Res"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.1111\/cea.13885","article-title":"Treating severe asthma: Targeting the IL-5 pathway","volume":"51","author":"Principe","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Exp Allergy"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3341","article-title":"Eosinophils: changing perspectives in health and disease","volume":"13","author":"Rosenberg","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01521-2023","article-title":"Benralizumab in severe eosinophilic asthma by previous biologic use and key clinical subgroups: real-world XALOC-1 programme","volume":"64","author":"Jackson","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2020.08.2083","article-title":"Real-world effectiveness of benralizumab in severe eosinophilic asthma","volume":"159","author":"Kavanagh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)31324-1","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of benralizumab for patients with severe asthma uncontrolled with high-dosage inhaled corticosteroids and long-acting \u03b22-agonists (SIROCCO): a randomised, multicentre, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial","volume":"388","author":"Bleecker","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet (London England)"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)31322-8","article-title":"Benralizumab, an anti-interleukin-5 receptor \u03b1 monoclonal antibody, as add-on treatment for patients with severe, uncontrolled, eosinophilic asthma (CALIMA): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial","volume":"388","author":"FitzGerald","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet (London England)"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1703501","article-title":"Oral glucocorticoid-sparing effect of benralizumab in severe asthma","volume":"376","author":"Nair","year":"2017","journal-title":"New Engl J Med"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17476348.2020.1718495","article-title":"Antibodies targeting the interleukin-5 signaling pathway used as add-on therapy for patients with severe eosinophilic asthma: a review of the mechanism of action, efficacy, and safety of the subcutaneously administered agents, mepolizumab and benralizumab","volume":"14","author":"Hillas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Expert Rev Respir Med"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2022.05.024","article-title":"Comparative efficacy of mepolizumab, benralizumab, and dupilumab in eosinophilic asthma: A Bayesian network meta-analysis","volume":"150","author":"Akenroye","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anai.2023.03.014","article-title":"Dupilumab pharmacokinetics and effect on type 2 biomarkers in children with moderate-to-severe asthma","volume":"131","author":"Jackson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/all.14268","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of treatment with dupilumab for severe asthma: A systematic review of the EAACI guidelines-Recommendations on the use of biologicals in severe asthma","volume":"75","author":"Agache","year":"2020","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/all.15747","article-title":"Dupilumab improves long-term outcomes in patients with uncontrolled, moderate-to-severe GINA-based type 2 asthma, irrespective of allergic status","volume":"78","author":"Rabe","year":"2023","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1804093","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of dupilumab in glucocorticoid-dependent severe asthma","volume":"378","author":"Rabe","year":"2018","journal-title":"New Engl J Med"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2015.19330","article-title":"Effect of subcutaneous dupilumab on nasal polyp burden in patients with chronic sinusitis and nasal polyposis: A randomized clinical trial","volume":"315","author":"Bachert","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(22)00534-3","article-title":"Use of digital measurement of medication adherence and lung function to guide the management of uncontrolled asthma (INCA Sun): a multicentre, single-blinded, randomised clinical trial","volume":"11","author":"Hale","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/all.14151","article-title":"Dual blockade of IL-4 and IL-13 with dupilumab, an IL-4R\u03b1 antibody, is required to broadly inhibit type 2 inflammation","volume":"75","author":"Le Floc\u2019h","year":"2020","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(21)00124-7","article-title":"Baseline FeNO as a prognostic biomarker for subsequent severe asthma exacerbations in patients with uncontrolled, moderate-to-severe asthma receiving placebo in the LIBERTY ASTHMA QUEST study: a post-hoc analysis","volume":"9","author":"Busse","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.alit.2020.04.002","article-title":"Dupilumab efficacy and safety in Japanese patients with uncontrolled, moderate-to-severe asthma in the phase 3 LIBERTY ASTHMA QUEST study","volume":"69","author":"Tohda","year":"2020","journal-title":"Allergol Int"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-022-00735-y","article-title":"Role of thymic stromal lymphopoietin in allergy and beyond","volume":"23","author":"Ebina-Shibuya","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18176\/jiaci.0949","article-title":"Positioning of tezepelumab in severe asthma","volume":"34","author":"Miralles-Lopez","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2034975","article-title":"Tezepelumab in adults and adolescents with severe, uncontrolled asthma","volume":"384","author":"Menzies-Gow","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1704064","article-title":"Tezepelumab in adults with uncontrolled asthma","volume":"377","author":"Corren","year":"2017","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(21)00226-5","article-title":"Effect of tezepelumab on airway inflammatory cells, remodelling, and hyperresponsiveness in patients with moderate-to-severe uncontrolled asthma (CASCADE): a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial","volume":"9","author":"Diver","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(22)00492-1","article-title":"Long-term safety and efficacy of tezepelumab in people with severe, uncontrolled asthma (DESTINATION): a randomised, placebo-controlled extension study","volume":"11","author":"Menzies-Gow","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(21)00537-3","article-title":"Evaluation of the oral corticosteroid-sparing effect of tezepelumab in adults with oral corticosteroid-dependent asthma (SOURCE): a randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3 study","volume":"10","author":"Wechsler","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11882-024-01153-x","article-title":"Weighted breaths: exploring biologic and non-biologic therapies for co-existing asthma and obesity","volume":"24","author":"Pilkington","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr Allergy Asthma Rep"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/all.15711","article-title":"Comparative effectiveness of anti-IL5 and anti-IgE biologic classes in patients with severe asthma eligible for both","volume":"78","author":"Pfeffer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1361891","article-title":"Association between pre-biologic T2-biomarker combinations and response to biologics in patients with severe asthma","author":"Porsbjerg","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/all.v76.11","article-title":"Advances and highlights in asthma in 2021","volume":"76","author":"Agache","year":"2021","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1183\/16000617.00001715","article-title":"Anti-IgE treatment, airway inflammation and remodelling in severe allergic asthma: current knowledge and future perspectives","volume":"24","author":"Samitas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur Respir Rev"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.01134","article-title":"Biological therapies of severe asthma and their possible effects on airway remodeling","volume":"11","author":"Kardas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02770903.2019.1585872","article-title":"Omalizumab may decrease the thickness of the reticular basement membrane and fibronectin deposit in the bronchial mucosa of severe allergic asthmatics","volume":"57","author":"Zastrze\u017cy\u0144ska","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Asthma: Off J Assoc For Care Asthma"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.164.supplement_2.2106066","article-title":"Remodeling of the airway epithelium in asthma","volume":"164","author":"Fahy","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-023-01905-5","article-title":"Omalizumab in severe asthma: effect on oral corticosteroid exposure and remodeling. A randomized open-label parallel study","volume":"83","author":"Domingo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0056015","article-title":"The role of IgE-receptors in IgE-dependent airway smooth muscle cell remodelling","volume":"8","author":"Roth","year":"2013","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/039463201202500217","article-title":"Omalizumab modulates bronchial reticular basement membrane thickness and eosinophil infiltration in severe persistent allergic asthma patients","volume":"25","author":"Riccio","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000334701","article-title":"Effects of adding omalizumab, an anti-immunoglobulin E antibody, on airway wall thickening in asthma","volume":"83","author":"Hoshino","year":"2012","journal-title":"Respiration"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2009.06.014","article-title":"Real-life\u201d effectiveness of omalizumab in patients with severe persistent allergic asthma: The PERSIST study","volume":"103","author":"Brusselle","year":"2009","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.congress-2019.PA1661","article-title":"Computational modelling prediction and clinical validation of impact of benralizumab on airway smooth muscle mass in asthma","volume":"54","author":"Chachi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113944","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2020.113944","article-title":"Effectiveness of omalizumab on patient reported outcomes, lung function, and inflammatory markers in severe allergic asthma","volume":"179","author":"Frix","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biochem Pharmacol"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202306-1102LE","article-title":"Effects of dupilumab on mucus plugging and ventilation defects in patients with moderate-to-severe asthma: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"208","author":"Svenningsen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.115385","article-title":"The effect of anti-IL5 monoclonal antibodies on regulatory and effector T cells in severe eosinophilic asthma","author":"Bergantini","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomedicine Pharmacotherapy"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/16000617.0144-2022","article-title":"Targeting interleukin-33 and thymic stromal lymphopoietin pathways for novel pulmonary therapeutics in asthma and COPD","volume":"32","author":"Calderon","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur Respir Rev"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01700-2021","article-title":"Is tezepelumab more than just an anti-eosinophil drug","volume":"59","author":"Adatia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI17974","article-title":"Anti-IL-5 treatment reduces deposition of ECM proteins in the bronchial subepithelial basement membrane of mild atopic asthmatics","volume":"112","author":"Flood-Page","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/all.v77.12","article-title":"Biologics and airway remodeling in severe asthma","volume":"77","author":"Varricchi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0808991","article-title":"Mepolizumab and exacerbations of refractory eosinophilic asthma","volume":"360","author":"Haldar","year":"2009","journal-title":"New Engl J Med"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anai.2022.10.018","article-title":"Efficacy of dupilumab in patients with moderate-to-severe asthma and persistent airflow obstruction","volume":"130","author":"Hanania","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann Allergy Asthma Immunology: Off Publ Am Coll Allergy Asthma Immunol"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13543784.2017.1282458","article-title":"Dupilumab for the treatment of asthma","volume":"26","author":"Santini","year":"2017","journal-title":"Expert Opin On Investigational Drugs"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.alit.2020.01.002","article-title":"Dupilumab: Basic aspects and applications to allergic diseases","volume":"69","author":"Matsunaga","year":"2020","journal-title":"Allergology Int"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.alit.2024.02.002","article-title":"Efficacy of dupilumab for airway hypersecretion and airway wall thickening in patients with moderate-to-severe asthma: A prospective, observational study","volume":"73","author":"Tajiri","year":"2024","journal-title":"Allergol Int"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cea.v53.10","article-title":"Efficacy of dupilumab in patients with uncontrolled, moderate-to-severe asthma with fungal sensitization","volume":"53","author":"Corren","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Exp Allergy"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2023.11.915","article-title":"Airway hyperresponsiveness correlates with airway TSLP in asthma independent of eosinophilic inflammation","volume":"153","author":"Andreasson","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1531986\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,15]],"date-time":"2025-04-15T05:21:35Z","timestamp":1744694495000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1531986\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,15]]},"references-count":97,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1531986"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1531986","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,15]]},"article-number":"1531986"}}