{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,5]],"date-time":"2026-11-05T07:52:46Z","timestamp":1793865166690,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":119,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,13]],"date-time":"2025-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747094400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001412","name":"Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, India","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["09\/0698(13659)\/2022-EMR-I"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["09\/0698(13659)\/2022-EMR-I"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001412","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Nipah virus (NiV) is characterized by recurring outbreaks and causes severe neurological impact, leading to increased mortality rates. Despite the severity of the disease, there is no proven post-exposure treatment available, emphasizing the critical need for the development of an effective vaccine.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study was aimed at designing a multi-epitope based vaccine candidate based on an in-silico approach.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>NiV\u2019s Structural proteins were screened for B and T-cell epitopes, assessing characteristics like antigenicity, immunogenicity, allergenicity, and toxicity. Two vaccine constructs (NiV_1 &amp;amp; 2) were designed using different adjuvants (Cholera toxin and Beta-defensin 3) and linkers and their predicted 3D structures were evaluated for interaction with Toll-Like Receptor TLR-3 using docking and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation studies. Finally, The potential expression of the vaccine construct in Escherichia coli (E. coli.) was verified by cloning it into the PET28a (+) vector and immune simulations were undertaken.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The study identified 30 conserved, antigenic, immunogenic, non-allergenic, and non-toxic epitopes with a broad population coverage. Based on the stability of vaccine construct in MD simulations results, NiV_1 was considered for further analysis.\n                      <jats:italic>In-silico<\/jats:italic>\n                      immune simulations of NiV_1 indicated a substantial immunogenic response. Moreover, codon optimization and in-silico cloning validated the expressions of designed vaccine construct NiV_1 in E. coli.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The findings indicate that the NiV_1 vaccine construct has the potential to elicit both cellular and humoral immune responses. Additional\n                      <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      investigations are required to validate the computational observations.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1535322","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,13]],"date-time":"2025-05-13T01:28:55Z","timestamp":1747099735000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Comprehensive immunoinformatics and bioinformatics strategies for designing a multi-epitope based vaccine targeting structural proteins of Nipah virus"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Shivangi","family":"Sharma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pragya 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