{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T18:16:37Z","timestamp":1790705797142,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,8]],"date-time":"2025-05-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746662400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To describe the clinical features, treatment, and prognostic factors affecting recurrence and long-term adverse outcomes of myelin oligodendrocyte antibody-associated disease (MOGAD).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>In this retrospective cohort study, the records of patients diagnosed with MOGAD at Zhengzhou University First Affiliated Hospital between January 2018 and March 2023 were analyzed, and factors associated with recurrence and poor long-term prognosis were identified using logistic regression.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Of the 91 patients, 69 (76%) were new cases, 39 (43%) were female, and 47 (52%) were children (&amp;lt;18 years). Clinical manifestations included optic neuritis (ON) in 13 (14%), transverse myelitis (TM) in 14 (15%), brain disease in 37 (41%), and mixed encephalomyelitis in 27 (30%). The prevalence of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) was significantly higher in children than in adults (43% versus 18%, p = 0.012), whereas the prevalence of TM was significantly higher in adults (30% versus 2%, p &amp;lt; 0.001). Combined steroid and intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) treatment during hospitalization was more frequent in children than in adults (36% versus 11%, p = 0.006), and children had a better short-term prognosis than that in adults at discharge (median [interquartile range (IQR)]) Expanded Disability Status Scale [EDSS]: 1 [0\u20131] versus 2 [0\u20134.75], p = 0.007; Modified Rankin Score [mRS]: 1 [0\u20131] versus 1 [0\u20132], p = 0.006). Visual impairment was a risk factor for recurrence (odds ratio [OR]: 4.22, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.24\u201314.38, p = 0.022). A higher EDSS score at discharge (OR: 5.05, 95% CI: 1.27\u201320.07, p = 0.021)and more previous episodes (OR: 9.24, 95% CI: 1.35\u201363.10, p = 0.023), were associated with a poor long-term prognosis; whereas steroid therapy for &amp;gt;5 weeks at first diagnosis (OR: 0.001, 95% CI: 0.00\u20130.33, p = 0.019) and type I isoelectric focusing pattern (OR: 0.004, 95% CI: 0.00\u20130.402, p = 0.043) were associated with favorable long-term prognosis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>After the first episode, steroid maintenance for an appropriate period following discharge is important for achieving a favorable long-term prognosis, particularly in patients with a high EDSS score at discharge and those at a heightened risk of recurrence.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1535571","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,8]],"date-time":"2025-05-08T05:27:01Z","timestamp":1746682021000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Clinical characteristics and factors associated with recurrence and long-term prognosis in patients with MOGAD"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Wenlin","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yinyin","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aoya","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinru","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shijie","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nanchang","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.1999.0720001.x","article-title":"The structure and function of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein","volume":"72","author":"Johns","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2013.118","article-title":"The spectrum of MOG autoantibody-associated demyelinating diseases","volume":"9","author":"Reindl","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-016-1631-4","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis: experimental models and reality","volume":"133","author":"Lassmann","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol (Berl)"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.1111","article-title":"T- and B-cell responses to myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and multiple sclerosis","volume":"36","author":"Iglesias","year":"2001","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa063602","article-title":"Lack of association between antimyelin antibodies and progression to multiple sclerosis","volume":"356","author":"Kuhle","year":"2007","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000127615.15768.ae","article-title":"Similar low frequency of anti-MOG IgG and IgM in MS patients and healthy subjects","volume":"62","author":"Lampasona","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1488","article-title":"Self-antigen tetramers discriminate between myelin autoantibodies to native or denatured protein","volume":"13","author":"O\u2019Connor","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e163","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000163","article-title":"Antibodies to MOG in adults with inflammatory demyelinating disease of the CNS","volume":"2","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000000101","article-title":"Distinction between MOG antibody-positive and AQP4 antibody-positive NMO spectrum disorders","volume":"82","author":"Sato","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2021.102742","article-title":"What percentage of AQP4-ab-negative NMOSD patients are MOG-ab positive? 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