{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T19:48:44Z","timestamp":1793821724525,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":184,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,23]],"date-time":"2025-01-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737590400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Immunometabolism is an emerging field that explores the intricate interplay between immune cells and metabolism. Regulatory T cells (Tregs), which maintain immune homeostasis in immunometabolism, play crucial regulatory roles. The activation, differentiation, and function of Tregs are influenced by various metabolic pathways, such as the Mammalian targets of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway and glycolysis. Correspondingly, activated Tregs can reciprocally impact these metabolic pathways. Tregs also possess robust adaptive capabilities, thus enabling them to adapt to various microenvironments, including the tumor microenvironment (TME). The complex mechanisms of Tregs in metabolic diseases are intriguing, particularly in conditions like MASLD, where Tregs are significantly upregulated and contribute to fibrosis, while in diabetes, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and rheumatoid arthritis (RA), they show downregulation and reduced anti-inflammatory capacity. These phenomena suggest that the differentiation and function of Tregs are influenced by the metabolic environment, and imbalances in either can lead to the development of metabolic diseases. Thus, moderate differentiation and inhibitory capacity of Tregs are critical for maintaining immune system balance. Given the unique immunoregulatory abilities of Tregs, the development of targeted therapeutic drugs may position them as novel targets in immunotherapy. This could contribute to restoring immune system balance, resolving metabolic dysregulation, and fostering innovation and progress in immunotherapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1536020","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,23]],"date-time":"2025-01-23T01:58:39Z","timestamp":1737597519000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Immunometabolism of Tregs: mechanisms, adaptability, and therapeutic implications in diseases"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Yuming","family":"Lu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yifan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tiantian","family":"Ruan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yihan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linling","family":"Ju","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengya","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luyin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dengfu","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2020.04.011","article-title":"Distinct metabolic pathways mediate regulatory T cell differentiation and function","volume":"223","author":"Hashimoto","year":"2020","journal-title":"Immunol Lett"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1085\/jgp.8.6.519","article-title":"THE METABOLISM OF TUMORS IN THE BODY","volume":"8","author":"Warburg","year":"1927","journal-title":"J Gen Physiol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1052","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.10.015","article-title":"Inflammation improves glucose homeostasis through IKK\u03b2-XBP1s interaction","volume":"167","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.02716","article-title":"Metabolic control of treg cell stability, plasticity, and tissue-specific heterogeneity","volume":"10","author":"Shi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.909705","article-title":"Regulation of treg cell metabolism and function in non-lymphoid tissues","volume":"13","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-024-00994-x","article-title":"The regulation and differentiation of regulatory T cells and their dysfunction in autoimmune diseases","volume":"24","author":"Sumida","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3004","article-title":"Continuous requirement for the TCR in regulatory T cell function","volume":"15","author":"Levine","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"B8","article-title":"Cell interactions in the induction of tolerance: the role of thymic lymphocytes","volume":"18","author":"Gershon","year":"1970","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2022.10.006","article-title":"Regulatory T cells as metabolic sensors","volume":"55","author":"de Candia","year":"2022","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/JLB.2MIR0817-349R","article-title":"The PI3K\/AKT signaling pathway in regulatory T-cell development, stability, and function","volume":"103","author":"Pompura","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Leukoc Biol"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2022.04.013","article-title":"mTOR substrate phosphorylation in growth control","volume":"185","author":"Battaglioni","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2217\/imt.14.84","article-title":"mTOR signaling, Tregs and immune modulation","volume":"6","author":"Chapman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Immunotherapy"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3076","article-title":"Treg cells require the phosphatase PTEN to restrain TH1 and TFH cell responses","volume":"16","author":"Shrestha","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-021-01420-9","article-title":"AMPK promotes antitumor immunity by downregulating PD-1 in regulatory T cells via the HMGCR\/p38 signaling pathway","volume":"20","author":"Pokhrel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol Cancer"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc2676","article-title":"The LKB1-AMPK pathway: metabolism and growth control in tumour suppression","volume":"9","author":"Shackelford","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cancer"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature23665","article-title":"Homeostatic control of metabolic and functional fitness of T(reg) cells by LKB1 signalling","volume":"548","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2014.05.004","article-title":"The glucose transporter Glut1 is selectively essential for CD4 T cell activation and effector function","volume":"20","author":"Macintyre","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2021.09.020","article-title":"HIF-1\u03b1 modulates sex-specific Th17\/Treg responses during hepatic amoebiasis","volume":"76","author":"Groneberg","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S456533","article-title":"The application of drugs and nano-therapies targeting immune cells in hypoxic inflammation","volume":"19","author":"Luo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J nanomedicine"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20110278","article-title":"HIF1alpha-dependent glycolytic pathway orchestrates a metabolic checkpoint for the differentiation of TH17 and Treg cells","volume":"208","author":"Shi","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.13581","article-title":"Adenosine A2B receptor activation regulates the balance between T helper 17 cells and regulatory T cells, and inhibits regulatory T cells exhaustion in experimental autoimmune myositis","volume":"15","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"J cachexia sarcopenia muscle"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2024.112217","article-title":"mTOR promotes an inflammatory response through the HIF1 signaling pathway in ulcerative colitis","volume":"134","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5005","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-18731-y","article-title":"HIF-2\u03b1 is indispensable for regulatory T cell function","volume":"11","author":"Hsu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15677","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms15677","article-title":"Ndfip1 restricts mTORC1 signalling and glycolysis in regulatory T cells to prevent autoinflammatory disease","volume":"8","author":"Layman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2016.12.018","article-title":"Foxp3 reprograms T cell metabolism to function in low-glucose, high-lactate environments","volume":"25","author":"Angelin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2020.07.001","article-title":"Mitochondrial oxidative damage underlies regulatory T cell defects in autoimmunity","volume":"32","author":"Alissafi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5118","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-32899-5","article-title":"PD-L2 controls peripherally induced regulatory T cells by maintaining metabolic activity and Foxp3 stability","volume":"13","author":"Hurrell","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.14-268409","article-title":"Essential role of mitochondrial energy metabolism in Foxp3+ T-regulatory cell function and allograft survival","volume":"29","author":"Beier","year":"2015","journal-title":"FASEB journal: Off Publ Fed Am Societies Exp Biol"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI76012","article-title":"Metabolic programming and PDHK1 control CD4+ T cell subsets and inflammation","volume":"125","author":"Gerriets","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-019-0589-5","article-title":"CD36-mediated metabolic adaptation supports regulatory T cell survival and function in tumors","volume":"21","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03235-6","article-title":"Lipid signalling enforces functional specialization of T(reg) cells in tumours","volume":"591","author":"Lim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2011.09.021","article-title":"The transcription factor Myc controls metabolic reprogramming upon T lymphocyte activation","volume":"35","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3704","article-title":"De novo fatty acid synthesis controls the fate between regulatory T and T helper 17 cells","volume":"20","author":"Berod","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12297","article-title":"mTORC1 couples immune signals and metabolic programming to establish T(reg)-cell function","volume":"499","author":"Zeng","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.2001184","article-title":"BATF regulates T regulatory cell functional specification and fitness of triglyceride metabolism in restraining allergic responses","volume":"206","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Immunol (Baltimore Md: 1950)"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15207","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms15207","article-title":"Blockade of IDO-kynurenine-AhR metabolic circuitry abrogates IFN-\u03b3-induced immunologic dormancy of tumor-repopulating cells","volume":"8","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1501756","article-title":"Restricting glutamine or glutamine-dependent purine and pyrimidine syntheses promotes human T cells with high FOXP3 expression and regulatory properties","volume":"196","author":"Metzler","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Immunol (Baltimore Md: 1950)"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2019.10.001","article-title":"Amino Acids License Kinase mTORC1 Activity and Treg Cell Function via Small G Proteins Rag and Rheb","volume":"51","author":"Shi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2015.00639","article-title":"The treg\/th17 axis: A dynamic balance regulated by the gut microbiome","volume":"6","author":"Omenetti","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.12.039","article-title":"Understanding the intersections between metabolism and cancer biology","volume":"168","author":"Vander Heiden","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1186\/s13046-019-1409-3","article-title":"Targeting T cell metabolism in the tumor microenvironment: an anti-cancer therapeutic strategy","volume":"38","author":"Yin","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Exp Clin Cancer research: CR"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibs.2023.03.004","article-title":"The metabolic cross-talk between cancer and T cells","volume":"48","author":"Cadenas-De Miguel","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trends Biochem Sci"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2022.01.001","article-title":"Lactic acid promotes PD-1 expression in regulatory T cells in highly glycolytic tumor microenvironments","volume":"40","author":"Kumagai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11132","article-title":"PPAR-\u03b3 is a major driver of the accumulation and phenotype of adipose tissue Treg cells","volume":"486","author":"Cipolletta","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1610","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2021.06.007","article-title":"Interferon-\u03b1-producing plasmacytoid dendritic cells drive the loss of adipose tissue regulatory T cells during obesity","volume":"33","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/IN9.0000000000000013","article-title":"Cytokine and metabolic regulation of adipose tissue Tregs","volume":"4","author":"Elkins","year":"2022","journal-title":"Immunometabolism (Cobham Surrey)"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3085","article-title":"The transcriptional regulators IRF4, BATF and IL-33 orchestrate development and maintenance of adipose tissue-resident regulatory T cells","volume":"16","author":"Vasanthakumar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-024-02725-x","article-title":"Stage-dependent immunity orchestrates AQP4 antibody-guided NMOSD pathology: a role for netting neutrophils with resident memory T cells in situ","volume":"147","author":"Nakajima","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202210262","article-title":"Trojan horse nanocapsule enabled in situ modulation of the phenotypic conversion of th17 cells to treg cells for the treatment of multiple sclerosis in mice","volume":"35","author":"Shi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach Fla)"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2023.01.003","article-title":"Picking a (neuroimmune) fight against fragile regulation of addiction","volume":"186","author":"Kim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2023.05.001","article-title":"Brain-specific regulatory T cell expansion limits cognitive decline","volume":"29","author":"Llori\u00e1n-Salvador","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trends Mol Med"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2023.01.010","article-title":"Tissue-specific abundance of interferon-gamma drives regulatory T cells to restrain DC1-mediated priming of cytotoxic T cells against lung cancer","volume":"56","author":"Zagorulya","year":"2023","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2024.04.010","article-title":"A model of dysregulated crosstalk between dendritic, natural killer, and regulatory T cells in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"45","author":"Mengistu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Trends Immunol"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-023-01655-2","article-title":"Regulatory T cell-derived IL-1Ra suppresses the innate response to respiratory viral infection","volume":"24","author":"Griffith","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.828191","article-title":"Metabolism characteristics of th17 and regulatory T cells in autoimmune diseases","volume":"13","author":"Qin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(19)30412-7","article-title":"Type 1 diabetes-early life origins and changing epidemiology","volume":"8","author":"Norris","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes endocrinology"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2925","article-title":"Type 2 diabetes as an inflammatory disease","volume":"11","author":"Donath","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.914136","article-title":"New developments in T cell immunometabolism and therapeutic implications for type 1 diabetes","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60591-7","article-title":"Type 1 diabetes","volume":"383","author":"Atkinson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet (London England)"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2017.00343","article-title":"T cell-mediated beta cell destruction: autoimmunity and alloimmunity in the context of type 1 diabetes","volume":"8","author":"Burrack","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1402739","article-title":"Therapeutic regulatory T cells subvert effector T cell function in inflamed islets to halt autoimmune diabetes","volume":"194","author":"Mahne","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Immunol (Baltimore Md: 1950)"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.4239\/wjd.v6.i4.598","article-title":"Type 2 diabetes mellitus: From a metabolic disorder to an inflammatory condition","volume":"6","author":"Hameed","year":"2015","journal-title":"World J Diabetes"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.1964","article-title":"CD8+ effector T cells contribute to macrophage recruitment and adipose tissue inflammation in obesity","volume":"15","author":"Nishimura","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01173","article-title":"Adipose tissue-resident immune cells in obesity and type 2 diabetes","volume":"10","author":"Lu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.25122\/jml-2020-0029","article-title":"The influence of metformin to the transcriptional activity of the mTOR and FOX3 genes in parapancreatic adipose tissue of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats","volume":"13","author":"Putilin","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Med Life"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgaa791","article-title":"Rapamycin plus vildagliptin to recover \u03b2-cell function in long-standing type 1 diabetes: A double-blind, randomized trial","volume":"106","author":"Bolla","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0217761","article-title":"Differential effects of 2-deoxy-D-glucose on in vitro expanded human regulatory T cell subsets","volume":"14","author":"Tanimine","year":"2019","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1423486112","article-title":"Appearance and disappearance of the mRNA signature characteristic of Treg cells in visceral adipose tissue: age, diet, and PPAR\u03b3 effects","volume":"112","author":"Cipolletta","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci United States America"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-021-00639-3","article-title":"Immune cell-mediated features of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"22","author":"Huby","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-nutr-062220-105200","article-title":"Reprogramming of hepatic metabolism and microenvironment in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"42","author":"Rui","year":"2022","journal-title":"Annu Rev Nutr"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104778","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2023.104778","article-title":"Dysregulated anti-oxidant signalling and compromised mitochondrial integrity negatively influence regulatory T cell function and viability in liver disease","volume":"95","author":"Vaikunthanathan","year":"2023","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.32336","article-title":"T cells: Friends and foes in NASH pathogenesis and hepatocarcinogenesis","volume":"75","author":"Ramadori","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156354","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2023.156354","article-title":"Immunometabolic impact of pancreastatin inhibitor PSTi8 in MCD induced mouse model of oxidative stress and steatohepatitis","volume":"171","author":"Goand","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.2001.5967","article-title":"Pancreastatin, a chromogranin-A-derived peptide, inhibits insulin-stimulated glycogen synthesis by activating GSK-3 in rat adipocytes","volume":"289","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Yanes","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2015.200","article-title":"Immunology in the liver\u2013from homeostasis to disease","volume":"13","author":"Heymann","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol hepatology"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2021.07.032","article-title":"Regulatory T-cell and neutrophil extracellular trap interaction contributes to carcinogenesis in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"75","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2024.01.009","article-title":"Amphiregulin from regulatory T cells promotes liver fibrosis and insulin resistance in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"57","author":"Savage","year":"2024","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-022-00658-y","article-title":"The metabolic nature of inflammatory bowel diseases","volume":"19","author":"Adolph","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol hepatology"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-012-0352-6","article-title":"Inflammation and colorectal cancer: colitis-associated neoplasia","volume":"35","author":"Grivennikov","year":"2013","journal-title":"Semin Immunopathol"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1055914","article-title":"The role of Th17 cells in inflammatory bowel disease and the research progress","volume":"13","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2024.01.026","article-title":"Interleukin 21 drives a hypermetabolic state and CD4(+) T-cell-associated pathogenicity in chronic intestinal inflammation","volume":"166","author":"Bamidele","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1219422","article-title":"Mitochondrial dysfunctions in T cells: focus on inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"14","author":"Lee","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1303356","article-title":"Repression of mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 inhibits intestinal regeneration in acute inflammatory bowel disease models","volume":"195","author":"Guan","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Immunol (Baltimore Md: 1950)"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.2013.139.issue-4","article-title":"Sirolimus ameliorates inflammatory responses by switching the regulatory T\/T helper type 17 profile in murine colitis","volume":"139","author":"Yin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.1011518","article-title":"HIF-1 in T cells ameliorated dextran sodium sulfate-induced murine colitis","volume":"91","author":"Higashiyama","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Leukoc Biol"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izab024","article-title":"Targeting immune cell metabolism in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"27","author":"Zaiatz Bittencourt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Inflammation Bowel Dis"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.903564","article-title":"Colorectal cancer-infiltrating regulatory T cells: functional heterogeneity, metabolic adaptation, and therapeutic targeting","volume":"13","author":"Aristin Revilla","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1186\/s12865-021-00449-1","article-title":"Intratumoral regulatory T cells from colon cancer patients comprise several activated effector populations","volume":"22","author":"Szeponik","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Immunol"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1158\/2326-6066.CIR-13-0013","article-title":"Anti-CTLA-4 antibodies of IgG2a isotype enhance antitumor activity through reduction of intratumoral regulatory T cells","volume":"1","author":"Selby","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol Res"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-020-0769-3","article-title":"The PD-1 expression balance between effector and regulatory T cells predicts the clinical efficacy of PD-1 blockade therapies","volume":"21","author":"Kumagai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2016.186","article-title":"New insights into the immunopathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"12","author":"Tsokos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Rev Rheumatol"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2023.110246","article-title":"Role of T cells in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematous: Focus on immunometabolism dysfunctions","volume":"119","author":"Saadh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2022.102245","article-title":"Immunometabolic alterations in lupus: where do they come from and where do we go from there","volume":"78","author":"Ma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr Opin Immunol"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1403088","article-title":"Metformin Suppresses Systemic Autoimmunity in Roquin(san\/san) Mice through Inhibiting B Cell Differentiation into Plasma Cells via Regulation of AMPK\/mTOR\/STAT3","volume":"198","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Immunol (Baltimore Md: 1950)"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1501537","article-title":"Glucose oxidation is critical for CD4+ T cell activation in a mouse model of systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"196","author":"Yin","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Immunol (Baltimore Md: 1950)"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI73411","article-title":"CaMK4-dependent activation of AKT\/mTOR and CREM-\u03b1 underlies autoimmunity-associated Th17 imbalance","volume":"124","author":"Koga","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/08916934.2014.915954","article-title":"KN-93, an inhibitor of calcium\/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IV, promotes generation and function of Foxp3+ regulatory T cells in MRL\/lpr mice","volume":"47","author":"Koga","year":"2014","journal-title":"Autoimmunity"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.v68.11","article-title":"Mitochondrial dysfunction in the liver and antiphospholipid antibody production precede disease onset and respond to rapamycin in lupus-prone mice","volume":"68","author":"Oaks","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol (Hoboken NJ)"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)30485-9","article-title":"Sirolimus in patients with clinically active systemic lupus erythematosus resistant to, or intolerant of, conventional medications: a single-arm, open-label, phase 1\/2 trial","volume":"391","author":"Lai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet (London England)"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2013.07.002","article-title":"The peroxisome-proliferator activated receptor-\u03b3 agonist pioglitazone modulates aberrant T cell responses in systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"149","author":"Zhao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Immunol (Orlando Fla)"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2015.07.014","article-title":"Obesity drives th17 cell differentiation by inducing the lipid metabolic kinase, ACC1","volume":"12","author":"Endo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI78087","article-title":"T cell signaling abnormalities contribute to aberrant immune cell function and autoimmunity","volume":"125","author":"Moulton","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1117736109","article-title":"Tolerance to apoptotic cells is regulated by indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase","volume":"109","author":"Ravishankar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci United States America"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-6143.2010.03413.x","article-title":"Mycophenolic acid-mediated suppression of human CD4+ T cells: more than mere guanine nucleotide deprivation","volume":"11","author":"He","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J transplantation: Off J Am Soc Transplant Am Soc Transplant Surgeons"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2012.07.001","article-title":"Metabolic regulation of organelle homeostasis in lupus T cells","volume":"144","author":"Caza","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Immunol (Orlando Fla)"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.34502","article-title":"N-acetylcysteine reduces disease activity by blocking mammalian target of rapamycin in T cells from systemic lupus erythematosus patients: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"64","author":"Lai","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arthritis rheumatism"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)30173-8","article-title":"Rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"388","author":"Smolen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet (London England)"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102461","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2020.102461","article-title":"The progress and prospect of regulatory T cells in autoimmune diseases","volume":"111","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Autoimmun"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104603","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2023.104603","article-title":"Magnesium increases numbers of Foxp3+ Treg cells and reduces arthritis severity and joint damage in an IL-10-dependent manner mediated by the intestinal microbiome","volume":"92","author":"Laragione","year":"2023","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19789","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-76168-1","article-title":"Inhibitory activity of FOXP3+ regulatory T cells reveals high specificity for displaying immune tolerance in remission state rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"10","author":"Kanjana","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0912152106","article-title":"IL-17-producing T cells can augment autoantibody-induced arthritis","volume":"106","author":"Jacobs","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci United States America"},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.164778","article-title":"TAp63, a methotrexate target in CD4+ T cells, suppresses Foxp3 expression and exacerbates autoimmune arthritis","volume":"8","author":"Suga","year":"2023","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-020-0373-9","article-title":"Methotrexate and its mechanisms of action in inflammatory arthritis","volume":"16","author":"Cronstein","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Rheumatol"},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20131459","article-title":"Itk-mediated integration of T cell receptor and cytokine signaling regulates the balance between Th17 and regulatory T cells","volume":"211","author":"Gomez-Rodriguez","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115886","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.115886","article-title":"Targeting kinase ITK treats autoimmune arthritis via orchestrating T cell differentiation and function","volume":"169","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomedicine pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine pharmacotherapie"},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1007\/s10875-019-00632-5","article-title":"Genetic deficiency and biochemical inhibition of ITK affect human th17, treg, and innate lymphoid cells","volume":"39","author":"Eken","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2020.07.091","article-title":"LMP7 inhibits the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome through interaction with NLRP3","volume":"531","author":"Jin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110860","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2023.110860","article-title":"PR-957 retards rheumatoid arthritis progression and inflammation by inhibiting LMP7-mediated CD4(+) T cell imbalance","volume":"124","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02537","article-title":"Loss of smad7 promotes inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"9","author":"Zhou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gde.2017.06.007","article-title":"DNA methylation and the preservation of cell identity","volume":"46","author":"Bogdanovi\u0107","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr Opin Genet Dev"},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1104881","article-title":"Hypermethylation of Smad7 in CD4(+) T cells is associated with the disease activity of rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"14","author":"Hu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35163","DOI":"10.1038\/srep35163","article-title":"Intraarticular overexpression of Smad7 ameliorates experimental arthritis","volume":"6","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2556","article-title":"Control of amino-acid transport by antigen receptors coordinates the metabolic reprogramming essential for T cell differentiation","volume":"14","author":"Sinclair","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2428","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20102428","article-title":"The L-type amino acid transporter LAT1-an emerging target in cancer","volume":"20","author":"H\u00e4fliger","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103031","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2023.103031","article-title":"LAT1 enables T cell activation under inflammatory conditions","volume":"138","author":"Ogbechi","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Autoimmun"},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-022-00959-z","article-title":"Metabolic regulation and function of T helper cells in neuroinflammation","volume":"44","author":"Spiljar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Semin Immunopathol"},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-3639.2010.00444.x","article-title":"An animal model of cortical and callosal pathology in multiple sclerosis","volume":"21","author":"Mangiardi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brain Pathol (Zurich Switzerland)"},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3632","article-title":"Trans-presentation of IL-6 by dendritic cells is required for the priming of pathogenic T(H)17 cells","volume":"18","author":"Heink","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2015.11.009","article-title":"Interleukin-23-induced transcription factor blimp-1 promotes pathogenicity of T helper 17 cells","volume":"44","author":"Jain","year":"2016","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200939305","article-title":"IL-23-driven encephalo-tropism and Th17 polarization during CNS-inflammation in vivo","volume":"39","author":"Gy\u00fclv\u00e9szi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20031579","article-title":"Loss of functional suppression by CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells in patients with multiple sclerosis","volume":"199","author":"Viglietta","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-013-1159-9","article-title":"Th1 not Th17 cells drive spontaneous MS-like disease despite a functional regulatory T cell response","volume":"126","author":"Lowther","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaf6284","article-title":"Aerobic glycolysis promotes T helper 1 cell differentiation through an epigenetic mechanism","volume":"354","author":"Peng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/1074-7613(95)90125-6","article-title":"Loss of CTLA-4 leads to massive lymphoproliferation and fatal multiorgan tissue destruction, revealing a critical negative regulatory role of CTLA-4","volume":"3","author":"Tivol","year":"1995","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20141030","article-title":"Deletion of CTLA-4 on regulatory T cells during adulthood leads to resistance to autoimmunity","volume":"212","author":"Paterson","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1701231","article-title":"Dendritic cell PD-L1 limits autoimmunity and follicular T cell differentiation and function","volume":"200","author":"Sage","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Immunol (Baltimore Md: 1950)"},{"key":"B137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.02.012","article-title":"Treg cells expressing the coinhibitory molecule TIGIT selectively inhibit proinflammatory Th1 and Th17 cell responses","volume":"40","author":"Joller","year":"2014","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.181.4.2277","article-title":"Retinoic acid increases Foxp3+ regulatory T cells and inhibits development of Th17 cells by enhancing TGF-beta-driven Smad3 signaling and inhibiting IL-6 and IL-23 receptor expression","volume":"181","author":"Xiao","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Immunol (Baltimore Md: 1950)"},{"key":"B139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbalip.2016.01.019","article-title":"PPAR\u03b2\/\u03b4 and lipid metabolism in the heart","volume":"1861","author":"Palomer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"key":"B140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.178.7.4129","article-title":"Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) and immunoregulation: enhancement of regulatory T cells through PPARgamma-dependent and -independent mechanisms","volume":"178","author":"Wohlfert","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Immunol (Baltimore Md: 1950)"},{"key":"B141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2015.09.007","article-title":"Dietary fatty acids directly impact central nervous system autoimmunity via the small intestine","volume":"43","author":"Haghikia","year":"2015","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2020.03.013","article-title":"Insulin-like growth factors are key regulators of T helper 17 regulatory T cell balance in autoimmunity","volume":"52","author":"DiToro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.04.007","article-title":"Inflammatory T cell responses rely on amino acid transporter ASCT2 facilitation of glutamine uptake and mTORC1 kinase activation","volume":"40","author":"Nakaya","year":"2014","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature23475","article-title":"Metabolic control of T(H)17 and induced T(reg) cell balance by an epigenetic mechanism","volume":"548","author":"Xu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15252\/embr.201948624","article-title":"AKT isoforms modulate Th1-like Treg generation and function in human autoimmune disease","volume":"20","author":"Kitz","year":"2019","journal-title":"EMBO Rep"},{"key":"B146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo10070279","article-title":"Regulatory T cell metabolism in atherosclerosis","volume":"10","author":"Baardman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Metabolites"},{"key":"B147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10557-023-07466-9","article-title":"Complex interplay between metabolism and CD4(+) T-cell activation, differentiation, and function: a novel perspective for atherosclerosis immunotherapy","volume":"38","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Drugs Ther"},{"key":"B148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.115.305464","article-title":"Interferons as essential modulators of atherosclerosis","volume":"35","author":"Boshuizen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"B149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.114.303568","article-title":"Treating atherosclerosis with regulatory T cells","volume":"35","author":"Foks","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"B150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.0000018941.10726.FA","article-title":"Overexpression of interleukin-10 by activated T lymphocytes inhibits atherosclerosis in LDL receptor-deficient Mice by altering lymphocyte and macrophage phenotypes","volume":"90","author":"Pinderski","year":"2002","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"B151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/JLB.MR1217-481R","article-title":"Hypoxia-inducible factor 1\u03b1 plays a predominantly negative role in regulatory T cell functions","volume":"104","author":"Hsu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Leukoc Biol"},{"key":"B152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2011.07.033","article-title":"Control of T(H)17\/T(reg) balance by hypoxia-inducible factor 1","volume":"146","author":"Dang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.115.306848","article-title":"Overexpression of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 prevents atherosclerosis in mice","volume":"36","author":"Matsumoto","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"B154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.116.309764","article-title":"Atherosclerosis-driven treg plasticity results in formation of a dysfunctional subset of plastic IFN\u03b3+ Th1\/tregs","volume":"119","author":"Butcher","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"B155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2018.07.015","article-title":"Regulatory T cells promote macrophage efferocytosis during inflammation resolution","volume":"49","author":"Proto","year":"2018","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.2119\/molmed.2011.00471","article-title":"Statins induce the accumulation of regulatory T cells in atherosclerotic plaque","volume":"18","author":"Meng","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol Med (Cambridge Mass)"},{"key":"B157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-03493-5","article-title":"Apolipoprotein AI prevents regulatory to follicular helper T cell switching during atherosclerosis","volume":"9","author":"Gaddis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.551758","article-title":"Atherosclerosis linked to aberrant amino acid metabolism and immunosuppressive amino acid catabolizing enzymes","volume":"11","author":"Zaric","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.122.321094","article-title":"The amino acid homoarginine inhibits atherogenesis by modulating T-cell function","volume":"131","author":"Nitz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"B160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2016.04.010","article-title":"Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-expressing aortic plasmacytoid dendritic cells protect against atherosclerosis by induction of regulatory T cells","volume":"23","author":"Yun","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"B161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2001017","article-title":"A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China, 2019","volume":"382","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"New Engl J Med"},{"key":"B162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00018.2020","article-title":"Immunometabolic status of COVID-19 cancer patients","volume":"100","author":"Sica","year":"2020","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"B163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-1038-6","article-title":"A dynamic COVID-19 immune signature includes associations with poor prognosis","volume":"26","author":"Laing","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3434","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-17292-4","article-title":"Marked T cell activation, senescence, exhaustion and skewing towards TH17 in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia","volume":"11","author":"De Biasi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.140327","article-title":"COVID-19 infection alters kynurenine and fatty acid metabolism, correlating with IL-6 levels and renal status","volume":"5","author":"Thomas","year":"2020","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"B166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3606770","article-title":"Elevated glucose levels favor SARS-coV-2 infection and monocyte response through a HIF-1\u03b1\/glycolysis-dependent axis","volume":"32","author":"Codo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"B167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1753-0407.13091","article-title":"Diabetes mellitus association with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) severity and mortality: A pooled analysis","volume":"12","author":"Aggarwal","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Diabetes"},{"key":"B168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.11.025","article-title":"Synergism of TNF-\u03b1 and IFN-\u03b3 Triggers inflammatory cell death, tissue damage, and mortality in SARS-coV-2 infection and cytokine shock syndromes","volume":"184","author":"Karki","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1813","DOI":"10.3390\/v14081813","article-title":"The role of immunometabolism in HIV-1 pathogenicity: links to immune cell responses","volume":"14","author":"Teer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"B170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cytogfr.2023.01.001","article-title":"Immuno-metabolic control of the balance between Th17-polarized and regulatory T-cells during HIV infection","volume":"69","author":"Yero","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cytokine Growth Factor Rev"},{"key":"B171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003453","article-title":"The Th17\/Treg ratio, IL-1RA and sCD14 levels in primary HIV infection predict the T-cell activation set point in the absence of systemic microbial translocation","volume":"9","author":"Chevalier","year":"2013","journal-title":"PloS Pathog"},{"key":"B172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2024.01.026","article-title":"HIV coinfection exacerbates HBV-induced liver fibrogenesis through a HIF-1\u03b1- and TGF-\u03b21-dependent pathway","volume":"80","author":"Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"B173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00204.2015","article-title":"Hypoxia-inducible factors in T lymphocyte differentiation and function. A Review in the Theme: Cellular Responses to Hypoxia","volume":"309","author":"Tao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Cell Physiol"},{"key":"B174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.2000060","article-title":"Inhibition of Glycolysis in Pathogenic T(H)17 Cells through Targeting a miR -21-Peli1-c-Rel Pathway Prevents Autoimmunity","volume":"204","author":"Qiu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Immunol (Baltimore Md: 1950)"},{"key":"B175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-020-0181-1","article-title":"HIV and antiretroviral therapy-related fat alterations","volume":"6","author":"Koethe","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis primers"},{"key":"B176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2019.11.021","article-title":"Mitochondrial integrity regulated by lipid metabolism is a cell-intrinsic checkpoint for treg suppressive function","volume":"31","author":"Field","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"B177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1205750","article-title":"Purinergic signaling during inflammation","volume":"367","author":"Eltzschig","year":"2012","journal-title":"New Engl J Med"},{"key":"B178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20062512","article-title":"Adenosine generation catalyzed by CD39 and CD73 expressed on regulatory T cells mediates immune suppression","volume":"204","author":"Deaglio","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003319","article-title":"Regulatory T cells negatively affect IL-2 production of effector T cells through CD39\/adenosine pathway in HIV infection","volume":"9","author":"Jenabian","year":"2013","journal-title":"PloS Pathog"},{"key":"B180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/cmi.2016.30","article-title":"Human CD39(hi) regulatory T cells present stronger stability and function under inflammatory conditions","volume":"14","author":"Gu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Mol Immunol"},{"key":"B181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2006-04-010637","article-title":"CTLA-4 blockade decreases TGF-beta, IDO, and viral RNA expression in tissues of SIVmac251-infected macaques","volume":"108","author":"Hryniewicz","year":"2006","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.3390\/v14061313","article-title":"Immunometabolic reprogramming in response to HIV infection is not fully normalized by suppressive antiretroviral therapy","volume":"14","author":"Deme","year":"2022","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"B183","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00734","article-title":"Regulatory T cells as potential targets for HIV cure research","volume":"9","author":"Kleinman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000295","article-title":"Critical loss of the balance between Th17 and T regulatory cell populations in pathogenic SIV infection","volume":"5","author":"Favre","year":"2009","journal-title":"PloS Pathog"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1536020\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,23]],"date-time":"2025-01-23T01:58:43Z","timestamp":1737597523000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1536020\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,23]]},"references-count":184,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1536020"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1536020","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,23]]},"article-number":"1536020"}}