{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T12:34:43Z","timestamp":1787315683540,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,14]],"date-time":"2025-03-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741910400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aimed to explore the significance of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) oligoclonal bands (OCBs) in the clinical diagnosis and evaluation of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The demographic and clinical data of 143 aquaporin-4 immunoglobulin G (AQP4-IgG)-positive NMOSD patients were collected and analyzed, including the gender, age, clinical symptoms and signs, status of CSF OCBs, location and length of the affected spinal cord vertebral segments, Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) at the first attack and at 36-month follow-up, relapse times within 36 months, concomitant connective tissue disease (CTD), and status of other autoimmune antibodies (oAIA).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      There were 15 patients (10.5%) who were positive for OCBs (OCBs+). In contrast to those with negative OCBs (OCBs\u2212), more OCBs+ cases had concomitant CTD [5\/15 (33.3%)\n                      <jats:italic>vs<\/jats:italic>\n                      . 11\/128 (8.6%),\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.014] and oAIA [9\/15 (60.0%)\n                      <jats:italic>vs<\/jats:italic>\n                      . 37\/128 (28.9%),\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.020]. OCBs+ patients had higher CSF cell counts [15.0 (27.0)\/mm\n                      <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                      <jats:italic>vs<\/jats:italic>\n                      . 5.0 (12.0)\/mm\n                      <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.008], higher IgG index [0.68 (0.23)\n                      <jats:italic>vs<\/jats:italic>\n                      . 0.52 (0.15),\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt; 0.001], and more relapses within 36 months [2.0 (3.0)\n                      <jats:italic>vs<\/jats:italic>\n                      . 1.0 (2.0),\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.039] than OCBs\u2212 patients. More OCBs+ patients had polynuclear cell predominance in the CSF than OCBs\u2212 patients (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.032). There were no significant differences between the OCBs+ and the OCBs\u2212 patients in the distribution of lesion locations; the length of the affected spinal cord vertebral segments; the concentration of CSF protein and the albumin quotient; the EDSS score at the time of lumbar puncture and at 36-month follow-up, and the onset episode, the relapse, and cumulative clinical syndrome profiles (all\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;gt; 0.05).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>For AQP4-IgG-positive NMOSD patients, positivity for CSF OCBs is associated with higher CSF cell counts and a higher likelihood to have concomitant CTD and oAIA. OCBs+ is not uncommon in NMOSD and may predict more frequent relapses, but not a more serious illness.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1536853","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,14]],"date-time":"2025-03-14T01:13:58Z","timestamp":1741914838000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Comparison of the clinical and laboratory characteristics of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder with or without cerebrospinal fluid oligoclonal bands: a cohort with 36-month follow-up"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Wenbo","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoni","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hai","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wanqing","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingguo","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoqin","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiangjun","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(17)30470-2","article-title":"Diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: 2017 revisions of the McDonald criteria","volume":"17","author":"Thompson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2004.00822.x","article-title":"CSF isoelectrofocusing in a large cohort of MS and other neurological diseases","volume":"11","author":"Bourahoui","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics11010037","article-title":"Evidence of oligoclonal bands does not exclude non-inflammatory neurological diseases","volume":"11","author":"Pannewitz-Makaj","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diagnostics (Basel)"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00726","article-title":"The cerebrospinal fluid in multiple sclerosis","volume":"10","author":"Deisenhammer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-017-3034-2","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid analysis and the determination of oligoclonal bands","volume":"38","author":"Gastaldi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurol Sci"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1080\/10408363.2022.2039591","article-title":"Oligoclonal bands: clinical utility and interpretation cues","volume":"59","author":"Carta","year":"2022","journal-title":"Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000001729","article-title":"International consensus diagnostic criteria for neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders","volume":"85","author":"Wingerchuk","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.53.5.1107","article-title":"The clinical course of neuromyelitis optica (Devic\u2019s syndrome)","volume":"53","author":"Wingerchuk","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-52001-2.00025-X","article-title":"Neuromyelitis optica (Devic\u2019s syndrome)","volume":"122","author":"Wingerchuk","year":"2014","journal-title":"Handb Clin Neurol"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(07)70216-8","article-title":"The spectrum of neuromyelitis optica","volume":"6","author":"Wingerchuk","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)17551-X","article-title":"A serum autoantibody marker of neuromyelitis optica: distinction from multiple sclerosis","volume":"364","author":"Lennon","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/13524585070130030201","article-title":"Clinical and laboratory features of neuromyelitis optica with oligoclonal IgG bands","volume":"13","author":"Nakamura","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1191\/1352458504ms988oa","article-title":"Oligoclonal bands in Devic\u2019s neuromyelitis optica and multiple sclerosis: differences in repeated cerebrospinal fluid examinations","volume":"10","author":"Bergamaschi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/41.2.256","article-title":"External quality assessment in clinical neurochemistry: survey of analysis for cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) proteins based on CSF\/serum quotients","volume":"41","author":"Reiber","year":"1995","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.cn112137-20201127-03210","article-title":"Establishment and consistency verification of the standard operation procedure for laboratory detection of immunoglobulin G oligoclonal bands in cerebrospinal fluid","volume":"101","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.57.8.897","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid in the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: a consensus report","volume":"57","author":"Andersson","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/pn-2023-003814","article-title":"Oligoclonal bands","volume":"24","author":"Willis","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pract Neurol"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s004150200026","article-title":"Oligoclonal bands and antibody responses in multiple sclerosis","volume":"249","author":"Correale","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"B19","first-page":"86","article-title":"Detection of oligoclonal ig bands: clinical significance and trends in methodological improvement","volume":"15","author":"Trbojevic-Cepe","year":"2004","journal-title":"EJIFCC"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1280020","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid oligoclonal bands in Chinese patients with multiple sclerosis: the prevalence and its association with clinical features","volume":"14","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci12010069","article-title":"A comparison of igG index and oligoclonal band in the cerebrospinal fluid for differentiating between RRMS and NMOSD","volume":"12","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Sci"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0b013e328352ebfe","article-title":"Nervous system involvement of connective tissue disease: mechanisms and diagnostic approach","volume":"25","author":"Voss","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurol"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2005.11.009","article-title":"Central nervous system involvement in systemic connective tissue diseases","volume":"108","author":"Cikes","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S9","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-005-0391-z","article-title":"Neurological involvement in rheumatological diseases","author":"Di Comite","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurol Sci"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458514568827","article-title":"Conversion from clinically isolated syndrome to multiple sclerosis: A large multicentre study","volume":"21","author":"Kuhle","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000198253.35119.83","article-title":"Clinically isolated syndromes: a new oligoclonal band test accurately predicts conversion to MS","volume":"66","author":"Masjuan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2021.103220","article-title":"Reinforcing the evidence of oligoclonal bands as a prognostic factor in patients with Multiple sclerosis","volume":"56","author":"Ben Noon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mult Scler Relat Disord"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-017-0812-y","article-title":"Increased cortical lesion load and intrathecal inflammation is associated with oligoclonal bands in multiple sclerosis patients: a combined CSF and MRI study","volume":"14","author":"Farina","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Neuroinflamm"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458511431729","article-title":"The frequency of CSF oligoclonal banding in multiple sclerosis increases with latitude","volume":"18","author":"Lechner-Scott","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2017.11.005","article-title":"Brain volume in early MS patients with and without IgG oligoclonal bands in CSF","volume":"19","author":"Fenu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mult Scler Relat Disord"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5455\/medarh.2012.66.222-225","article-title":"Reibergram and oligoclonal bands in diagnosis of multiple sclerosis","volume":"66","author":"Karamehic","year":"2012","journal-title":"Med Arch"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1536853\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,14]],"date-time":"2025-03-14T01:14:02Z","timestamp":1741914842000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1536853\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,14]]},"references-count":31,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1536853"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1536853","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,14]]},"article-number":"1536853"}}