{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T22:34:32Z","timestamp":1793226872713,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,20]],"date-time":"2025-05-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747699200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Currently, HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) infection is one of the leading complications in public health and causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), especially in the African region. No specific vaccine is available to combat this, with multi-strain variability being one of the hurdles. In this investigation, we employed variability in the epitope of the HIV subtype C targets to introduce mutations and construct an epitope-based vaccine. Four targets were examined to predict the B and T cells (major histocompatibility complex class I and II). Among the predicted epitopes, immunodominant epitopes were selected and were mapped with the identified variable amino acid to incorporate mutation. These selected and mutated epitopes were used for the non-mutated and mutated vaccine construction, considering linker for fusion and adjuvant to improve the activity. The vaccine\u2019s structure was modeled and examined to validate its structural quality, and a high population coverage was also found. The docking investigation of the non-mutated and mutated vaccine with Toll-like receptor 3 shows remarkable activity followed by strong binding affinity, and the simulation of over 100 ns revealed the constancy of the complex system. The immune response revealed its strong effectiveness by generating multiple immunoglobulins followed by the time step of infection, and further, <jats:italic>in silico<\/jats:italic> cloning demonstrated a high expression in <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic> based on their favorable Codon Adaptation Index and GC value. The integrated approach in this investigation will help to plan a potent immunodominant vaccine that can work for multiple strains of HIV infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1540253","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,20]],"date-time":"2025-05-20T10:05:46Z","timestamp":1747735546000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["An integrated mutation-based immunoinformatic approach incorporating variability in epitopes: a study based on HIV subtype C"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Saurav","family":"Kumar Mishra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neeraj","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Md. Harun","family":"Or Rashid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sharifa","family":"Sultana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Turki M.","family":"Dawoud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed","family":"Bourhia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John J.","family":"Georrge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2621","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25052621","article-title":"HIV reservoirs and treatment strategies toward curing HIV infection","volume":"25","author":"Matsuda","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-198902000-00001","article-title":"Natural history of HIV infection","volume":"3","author":"Moss","year":"1989","journal-title":"Aids"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1071\/SH24056","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burdens of HIV\/AIDS acquired through sexual transmission 1990\u20132019: an observational study","volume":"21","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sexual Health"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e328011d7ab","article-title":"Is HIV-2-induced AIDS different from HIV-1-associated AIDS? Data from a West African clinic","volume":"21","author":"Martinez-Steele","year":"2007","journal-title":"Aids"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-024-09775-2","article-title":"Reverse vaccinology approaches to design a potent multiepitope vaccine against the HIV whole genome: immunoinformatic, bioinformatics, and molecular dynamics approaches","volume":"24","author":"Hashempour","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14715\/cmb\/2017.63.9.20","article-title":"Bacterial etiology and antibiotic resistance pattern of septicemia in HIV and non-HIV patients admitted to tertiary care hospitals, Shiraz, South of Iran","volume":"63","author":"Ghassabi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Mol Biol"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0306559","article-title":"Design of multivalent-epitope vaccine models directed toward the world\u2019s population against HIV-Gag polyprotein: Reverse vaccinology and immunoinformatics","volume":"19","author":"Hashempour","year":"2024","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31548-4","article-title":"A new step towards an HIV\/AIDS vaccine","volume":"392","author":"Pavlakis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.3390\/v15010107","article-title":"The Effect of treatment-associated mutations on HIV replication and transmission cycles","volume":"15","author":"Johnson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2024.109218","article-title":"HIV-1 M group subtype classification using deep learning approach","volume":"183","author":"Peng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Comput Biol Med"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2018.03.042","article-title":"Immunoinformatics approaches to design a novel multi-epitope subunit vaccine against HIV infection","volume":"36","author":"Pandey","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiad327","article-title":"Geographic and population distributions of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)\u20131 and HIV-2 circulating subtypes: A systematic literature review and meta-analysis (2010\u20132021)","volume":"228","author":"Williams","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.42.6.2742-2751.2004","article-title":"Identification of subtype C human immunodeficiency virus type 1 by subtype-specific PCR and its use in the characterization of viruses circulating in the southern parts of India","volume":"42","author":"Siddappa","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30647-9","article-title":"Global and regional molecular epidemiology of HIV-1, 1990\u20132015: a systematic review, global survey, and trend analysis","volume":"19","author":"Hemelaar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.3390\/v14020263","article-title":"Analysis of the origin and dissemination of HIV-1 subtype C in Bulgaria","volume":"14","author":"Alexiev","year":"2022","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100912","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-5247(24)00151-4","article-title":"Global and regional genetic diversity of HIV-1 in 2010\u201321: systematic review and analysis of prevalence","volume":"5","author":"Nair","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Microbe"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12101351","article-title":"HIV\u2013host cell interactions","volume":"12","author":"Masenga","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"pgac064","DOI":"10.1093\/pnasnexus\/pgac064","article-title":"HIV-1 mutants that escape the cytotoxic T-lymphocytes are defective in viral DNA integration","volume":"1","author":"Balasubramaniam","year":"2022","journal-title":"PNAS nexus"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.02686-23","article-title":"Herschhorn: Alternative substitutions of N332 in HIV-1AD8 gp120 differentially affect envelope glycoprotein function and viral sensitivity to broadly neutralizing antibodies targeting the V3-glycan","volume":"15","author":"Jeffy","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mbio"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/prot.v86.12","article-title":"Prediction of cross-clade HIV-1 T-cell epitopes using immunoinformatics analysis","volume":"86","author":"Khairkhah","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proteins: Structure Function Bioinf"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2432","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25042432","article-title":"Immunoinformatic Identification of Multiple Epitopes of gp120 Protein of HIV-1 to Enhance the Immune Response against HIV-1 Infection","volume":"25","author":"Habib","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124893","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2023.124893","article-title":"A novel mutation-proof, next-generation vaccine to fight against upcoming SARS-CoV-2 variants and subvariants, designed through AI enabled approaches and tools, along with the machine learning based immune simulation: A vaccine breakthrough","volume":"242","author":"Bhattacharya","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Biol macromolecules"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127567","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2023.127567","article-title":"Immunoinformatics-based multi-epitope containing fused polypeptide vaccine design against visceral leishmaniasis with high immunogenicity and TLR binding","volume":"253","author":"Kumar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Biol Macromolecules"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103661","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2023.103661","article-title":"Harnessing immunoinformatics for developing a multiple-epitope peptide-based vaccination approach against SARS-CoV-2 spike protein","volume":"30","author":"Moustafa","year":"2023","journal-title":"Saudi J Biol Sci"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11783","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-61074-7","article-title":"Development of multi epitope subunit vaccines against emerging carp viruses Cyprinid herpesvirus 1 and 3 using immunoinformatics approach","volume":"14","author":"Rani","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines12091043","article-title":"HIV vaccine development at a crossroads: new B and T cell approaches","volume":"12","author":"Govindan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Vaccines"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1007\/s10142-024-01425-9","article-title":"Clinical trials and recent progress in HIV vaccine development","volume":"24","author":"Zubair","year":"2024","journal-title":"Funct Integr Genomics"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hsr2.70089","article-title":"HIV vaccination: Navigating the path to a transformative breakthrough\u2014A review of current evidence","volume":"7","author":"Scott","year":"2024","journal-title":"Health Sci Rep"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2023.107233","article-title":"Coevolution based immunoinformatics approach considering variability of epitopes to combat different strains: A case study using spike protein of SARS-CoV-2","volume":"163","author":"Mishra","year":"2023","journal-title":"Comput Biol Med"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-8-4","article-title":"VaxiJen: a server for prediction of protective antigens, tumour antigens and subunit vaccines","volume":"8","author":"Doytchinova","year":"2007","journal-title":"BMC Bioinf"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00894-014-2278-5","article-title":"AllerTOP v. 2\u2014a server for in silico prediction of allergens","volume":"20","author":"Dimitrov","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Mol modeling"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/prot.21078","article-title":"Prediction of continuous B-cell epitopes in an antigen using recurrent neural network","volume":"65","author":"Saha","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proteins: Structure Function Bioinf"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkx346","article-title":"BepiPred-2.0: improving sequence-based B-cell epitope prediction using conformational epitopes","volume":"45","author":"Jespersen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0073957","article-title":"In silico approach for predicting toxicity of peptides and proteins","volume":"8","author":"Gupta","year":"2013","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-082119-124838","article-title":"T cell epitope predictions","volume":"38","author":"Peters","year":"2020","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2020.03.006","article-title":"Epitope-based vaccine design: a comprehensive overview of bioinformatics approaches","volume":"25","author":"Parvizpour","year":"2020","journal-title":"Drug Discov Today"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2022.03.002","article-title":"Antigen presentation by MHC-E: a putative target for vaccination","volume":"43","author":"Voogd","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trends Immunol"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22010073","article-title":"The many faces of CD4+ T cells: Immunological and structural characteristics","volume":"22","author":"Chatzileontiadou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01081","article-title":"HLA-class II artificial antigen presenting cells in CD4+ T cell-based immunotherapy","volume":"10","author":"Couture","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18.19.1","DOI":"10.1002\/0471142735.2016.114.issue-1","article-title":"TepiTool: a pipeline for computational prediction of T cell epitope candidates","volume":"114","author":"Paul","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr Protoc Immunol"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/07391102.2024.2325109","article-title":"In silico development of a novel anti-mutation, multi-epitope mRNA vaccine against MPXV variants of emerging lineage and sub-lineages by using immunoinformatics approaches","author":"Tan","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Biomolecular Structure Dynamics"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pro.v27.1","article-title":"Clustal Omega for making accurate alignments of many protein sequences","volume":"27","author":"Sievers","year":"2018","journal-title":"Protein Sci"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btp033","article-title":"Jalview Version 2\u2014a multiple sequence alignment editor and analysis workbench","volume":"25","author":"Waterhouse","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106497","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2022.106497","article-title":"Translational vaccinomics and structural filtration algorithm to device multiepitope vaccine for catastrophic monkeypox virus","volume":"153","author":"Singh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Comput Biol Med"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1090","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines11061090","article-title":"Immunoinformatics strategy to develop a novel universal multiple epitope-based COVID-19 vaccine","volume":"11","author":"Khamjan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vaccines"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-81736-w","article-title":"Immunoinformatics design of a multi-epitope vaccine for Chlamydia trachomatis major outer membrane proteins","volume":"14","author":"Shetty","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1385\/1-59259-584-7:531","article-title":"Protein identification and analysis tools on the ExPASy server","volume":"112","author":"Gasteiger","year":"2005","journal-title":"The Proteomics Protocols Handbook"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btx345","article-title":"Protein\u2013Sol: a web tool for predicting protein solubility from sequence","volume":"33","author":"Hebditch","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-7-153","article-title":"Predicting population coverage of T-cell epitope-based diagnostics and vaccines","volume":"7","author":"Bui","year":"2006","journal-title":"BMC Bioinf"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/11.6.681","article-title":"SOPMA: significant improvements in protein secondary structure prediction by consensus prediction from multiple alignments","volume":"11","author":"Geourjon","year":"1995","journal-title":"Comput Appl Biosci"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/16.4.404","article-title":"The PSIPRED protein structure prediction server","volume":"16","author":"McGuffin","year":"2000","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abj8754","article-title":"Accurate prediction of protein structures and interactions using a three-track neural network","volume":"373","author":"Baek","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gks493","article-title":"GalaxyWEB server for protein structure prediction and refinement","volume":"40","author":"Ko","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1107\/S0021889892009944","article-title":"PROCHECK: a program to check the stereochemical quality of protein structures","volume":"26","author":"Laskowski","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Appl Crystallogr"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkm290","article-title":"ProSA-web: interactive web service for the recognition of errors in three-dimensional structures of proteins","volume":"35","author":"Wiederstein","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-9-514","article-title":"ElliPro: a new structure-based tool for the prediction of antibody epitopes","volume":"9","author":"Ponomarenko","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMC Bioinf"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2016.169","article-title":"The ClusPro web server for protein\u2013protein docking","volume":"12","author":"Kozakov","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Protoc"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btw514","article-title":"PRODIGY: a web server for predicting the binding affinity of protein\u2013protein complexes","volume":"32","author":"Xue","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pro.v27.1","article-title":"PDBsum: Structural summaries of PDB entries","volume":"27","author":"Laskowski","year":"2018","journal-title":"Protein Sci"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116586","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2021.116586","article-title":"Design of a novel and potent multivalent epitope based human cytomegalovirus peptide vaccine: an immunoinformatics approach","volume":"335","author":"Akhtar","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Mol Liquids"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11030-022-10522-5","article-title":"Identification of potential inhibitors of Zika virus targeting NS3 helicase using molecular dynamics simulations and DFT studies","volume":"27","author":"Mishra","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol Diversity"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2024.1493165","article-title":"Computational modeling of cyclotides as antimicrobial agents against neisseria gonorrhoeae porB porin protein: integration of docking, immune, and molecular dynamics simulations","volume":"12","author":"Hussain","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Chem"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00262-022-03181-w","article-title":"Immune epitopes identification and designing of a multi-epitope vaccine against bovine leukemia virus: a molecular dynamics and immune simulation approaches","volume":"71","author":"Samad","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancer Immunology Immunotherapy"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0009862","article-title":"Computational immunology meets bioinformatics: the use of prediction tools for molecular binding in the simulation of the immune system","volume":"5","author":"Rapin","year":"2010","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1474346","article-title":"In silico analysis for the development of multi-epitope vaccines against Mycobacterium tuberculosis","volume":"15","author":"Yun","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108497","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2023.108497","article-title":"Immunogenic multi-epitope-based vaccine development to combat cyclosporiasis of immunocompromised patients applying computational biology method","volume":"248","author":"Ahmed","year":"2023","journal-title":"Exp Parasitology"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102682","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2020.102682","article-title":"Understanding the mechanisms driving the spread of subtype C HIV-1","volume":"53","author":"Gartner","year":"2020","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0969-2126(96)00147-5","article-title":"Phi\/psi-chology: ramachandran revisited","volume":"4","author":"Kleywegt","year":"1996","journal-title":"Structure"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2021.01.004","article-title":"Immunoinformatics approach for the identification and characterization of T cell and B cell epitopes towards the peptide-based vaccine against SARS-CoV-2","volume":"52","author":"Chakraborty","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch Med Res"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103791","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2019.103791","article-title":"Exploring T & B-cell epitopes and designing multi-epitope subunit vaccine targeting integration step of HIV-1 lifecycle using immunoinformatics approach","volume":"137","author":"Abdulla","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microbial pathogenesis"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2010","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10122010","article-title":"Multi-epitope vaccine design against monkeypox virus via reverse vaccinology method exploiting immunoinformatic and bioinformatic approaches","volume":"10","author":"Bhattacharya","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vaccines"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1186\/s43141-022-00391-8","article-title":"Application of reverse vaccinology to design a multi-epitope subunit vaccine against a new strain of Aeromonas veronii","volume":"20","author":"Islam","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Genet Eng Biotechnol"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2019.09.014","article-title":"B-cell epitopes: Discontinuity and conformational analysis","volume":"114","author":"Ferdous","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol Immunol"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trivac.2016.04.003","article-title":"B-cell epitope mapping for the design of vaccines and effective diagnostics","volume":"5","author":"Ahmad","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trials Vaccinology"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1007\/s13205-020-02574-x","article-title":"Designing a next generation multi-epitope based peptide vaccine candidate against SARS-CoV-2 using computational approaches","volume":"11","author":"Saha","year":"2021","journal-title":"3 Biotech"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109758","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.109758","article-title":"Designing a multi-epitope vaccine targeting the HIV-1 subtype CRF01_AE in Indonesia","volume":"187","author":"Khairunisa","year":"2025","journal-title":"Comput Biol Med"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0317382","article-title":"Targeting HIV-1 conserved regions: An immunoinformatic pathway to vaccine innovation for the Asia","volume":"20","author":"Zubair","year":"2025","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103888","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2022.103888","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 vaccination elicits unconventional IgM specific responses in na\u00efve and previously COVID-19-infected individuals","volume":"77","author":"Ruggiero","year":"2022","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.29820","article-title":"Interleukin-2-mediated CD4 T-cell activation correlates highly with effective serological and T-cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in people living with HIV","volume":"96","author":"Gupta","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiu206","article-title":"Tumor necrosis factor \u03b1 is associated with viral control and early disease progression in patients with HIV type 1 infection","volume":"210","author":"Vaidya","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1503853","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1503853","article-title":"Designing a broad-spectrum multi-epitope subunit vaccine against leptospirosis using immunoinformatics and structural approaches","volume":"15","author":"Sethi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Immunol"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1540253\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,20]],"date-time":"2025-05-20T10:05:48Z","timestamp":1747735548000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1540253\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,20]]},"references-count":81,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1540253"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1540253","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,20]]},"article-number":"1540253"}}