{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:15:41Z","timestamp":1787026541972,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,10]],"date-time":"2025-04-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744243200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82330107, 72361127500, 82204175"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82330107, 72361127500, 82204175"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["\u7f16\u53f7:INV-035024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["\u7f16\u53f7:INV-035024"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aims to assess the identification algorithms for five autoimmune diseases\u2014Hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), primary immune thrombocytopenia (ITP), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and type 1 diabetes (T1D)\u2014using the Yinzhou Regional Health Information Platform (YRHIP) in China.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Diagnostic data was extracted from YRHIP\u2019s population registry (2010-2021), combining ICD-10 codes and Chinese medical terminology from outpatient, inpatient, and discharge records. Algorithms were validated through chart reviews, adhering to global clinical guidelines. Cases were adjudicated using electronic case report forms. We evaluated algorithm performance based on sensitivity and positive predictive value (PPV), with a 70% PPV threshold for optimization.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Among all reviewed cases, we identified 136 cases for Hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis, 65 for IBD, 76 for ITP, 130 for RA, and 43 for T1D. Algorithm performance varied across diseases: the final algorithm for Hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis achieved optimal accuracy (sensitivity 97.44%, PPV 98.28%), followed by RA (sensitivity 100.00%, PPV 76.92%). Algorithms for IBD and ITP required synthesis of multiple data sources to achieve acceptable performance (IBD: sensitivity 79.66%, PPV 70.15%; ITP: sensitivity 62.50%, PPV 70.00%). For T1D, the final algorithm utilizing both admission and outpatient records yielded satisfactory results (sensitivity 84.09%, PPV 74.00%).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study presents the first validated algorithms for identifying autoimmune diseases using EHR data in China, demonstrating satisfactory performance (PPV &amp;gt;70%) across all diseases. Our findings demonstrate that a combination of data sources is crucial for accurate case identification in complex autoimmune conditions, providing an important methodological foundation for future real-world studies in Chinese populations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1541203","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,10]],"date-time":"2025-04-10T01:11:29Z","timestamp":1744247489000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Development and validation of identification algorithms for five autoimmune diseases using electronic health records: a retrospective cohort study in China"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Junting","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yunxiao","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinxin","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoxuan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengdi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zuojing","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhike","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siyan","family":"Zhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2022.102266","article-title":"The increasing prevalence of autoimmunity and autoimmune diseases: an urgent call to action for improved understanding, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention","volume":"80","author":"Miller","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr Opin Immunol"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.2015.278.issue-4","article-title":"Human autoimmune diseases: a comprehensive update","volume":"278","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Intern Med"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2023.103326","article-title":"Global burden and cross-country inequalities in autoimmune diseases from 1990 to 2019","volume":"22","author":"Cao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)00457-9","article-title":"Incidence, prevalence, and co-occurrence of autoimmune disorders over time and by age, sex, and socioeconomic status: a population-based cohort study of 22 million individuals in the UK","volume":"401","author":"Conrad","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsb1609216","article-title":"Real-world evidence - 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