{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T03:41:36Z","timestamp":1789962096114,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,31]],"date-time":"2025-03-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743379200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Is there a difference in pathogen infection among sepsis patients with different organ dysfunction and Post-sepsis persistent organ dysfunction? Is this related to survival? It is currently unclear.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study reviewed 1982 sepsis patients between December 2019 and September 2023, and included 619 patients after removing patients with missing data. Of these, 332 were tested for metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS). First, the pathogens distribution was assessed in all NGS-positive patients, followed by patients with different organ dysfunction (excluding those who died during hospitalization). Lastly, the survival analysis was conducted on patients infected with different pathogens.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The results showed that the mortality rate in our cohort was 27.63% in patients with sepsis, and patients with Respiratory, Liver, Circulatory, Hematologic, Neurological, and Renal dysfunction had poor survival. And patients with post-sepsis persistent organ dysfunction after sepsis have worse survival rates. In addition, we found the infection rates of <jats:italic>Legionella<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Betapapillomavirus<\/jats:italic> were higher in patients with liver dysfunction. The infection rates of <jats:italic>Mastadenovirus<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Enterococcus<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>Candida<\/jats:italic> were higher in patients with neurological dysfunction. The infection rates of <jats:italic>Candida<\/jats:italic> were higher in patients with renal dysfunction and hematologic dysfunction. The infection rates of <jats:italic>Moraxella<\/jats:italic> were higher in patients with circulatory dysfunction. The infection rates of <jats:italic>Enterococcus<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Pneumocystis<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>Acinetobacter<\/jats:italic> were higher in patients with Post-sepsis cardiac dysfunction.The infection rates of Enterococcus, <jats:italic>Acinetobacter<\/jats:italic>, and Morganella were higher in patients with Post-sepsis liver dysfunction. The infection rates of <jats:italic>Enterococcus<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Acinetobacter<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>Staphylococcus<\/jats:italic> were higher in patients with Post-sepsis respiratory dysfunction. The infection rates of <jats:italic>Enterococcus<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Candida<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Pneumocystis<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Staphylococcus<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>Listeria<\/jats:italic> were higher in patients with Post-sepsis renal dysfunction. In addition, we found that patients with <jats:italic>Escherichia<\/jats:italic> infection in sepsis had the lowest survival rate. The survival rate of patients with <jats:italic>Enterococcus<\/jats:italic> infection combined with post-sepsis persistent respiratory dysfunction is also worse.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>In conclusion, there are differences in the types and proportions of pathogens infected in patients with different organ dysfunction and Post-sepsis persistent organ dysfunction. The combination of Escherichia infection and Enterococcus infection with post-sepsis persistent respiratory dysfunction can affect the survival of patients. We should strengthen the management of sepsis patients, especially those with Post-sepsis persistent organ dysfunction.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1541634","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,31]],"date-time":"2025-03-31T05:20:00Z","timestamp":1743398400000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["The type of pathogen is associated with organ failure and legacy dysfunction in patients with 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