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Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>T cells are crucial in controlling Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and disease progression. Nevertheless, the specific functions and changes of T lymphocyte subsets in retreatment tuberculosis remain poorly understand. The study aims to identify the changes in T lymphocyte subsets and the immunoprotective effect of T<jats:sub>CM<\/jats:sub> in retreatment tuberculosis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>We collected venous blood from the participants and assessed using flow cytometry. Univariate analysis and regression model were used to evaluate the changes of T lymphocyte subsets and key subsets in retreatment tuberculosis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>In the study, while the frequencies of CD4 and CD8 T cells were similar between primary and retreatment patients, retreatment patients exhibited a significant increase in T<jats:sub>CM<\/jats:sub> (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05), which may represent a protective factor for retreatment (adjusted OR=0.926, 95%CI: 0.860-0.996, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05) (adjusted OR=0.951, 95%CI: 0.912-0.992, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&amp;lt;0.05). Furthermore, T<jats:sub>CM<\/jats:sub> significantly increased in retreatment patients who achieved cure (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05), though were similar between the cure and no-cure for primary patients; The potentially protective effect of T<jats:sub>CM<\/jats:sub> in patients with repeated infection may possibly contribute by improving the efficacy of retreatment chemotherapy (adjusted OR=0.803, 95%CI: 0.677-0.953, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05) (adjusted OR=0.890, 95% CI: 0.812-0.976, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&amp;lt;0.05), particularly in those with lung injury (adjusted OR=0.780, 95% CI: 0.635-0.957, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&amp;lt; 0.05) (adjusted OR=0.805, 95% CI: 0.660-0.983, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&amp;lt;0.05).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Development of adjunct immunotherapies for increasing T<jats:sub>CM<\/jats:sub> responses may improve the efficacy of retreatment tuberculosis with existing and with novel chemotherapies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1545537","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,18]],"date-time":"2025-03-18T06:59:18Z","timestamp":1742281158000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Increased long-term central memory T cells in patients with retreatment pulmonary 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