{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T14:34:10Z","timestamp":1793025250467,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,29]],"date-time":"2025-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748476800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Traditional Chinese medicine and food deer antler has been extensively used in bone regeneration, but its molecular mechanisms remain poorly understood. Preliminary investigations suggest deer antler contains bioactive compounds that influence osteogenic differentiation and immune microenvironments.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>To elucidate the molecular mechanisms of deer antler in promoting human mesenchymal stem cell (hMSC) osteogenic differentiation, focusing on JUN downregulation and immune microenvironment modulation using bioinformatics and molecular docking approaches.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Chemical components and targets were identified using the BATMAN-TCM database. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) related to osteogenic differentiation were analyzed using Gene Expression Omnibus datasets. Gene Ontology (GO), KEGG enrichment, LASSO regression, and SVM-RFE were applied to identify key genes. A Protein-Protein Interaction (PPI) network was constructed to determine core genes. JUN expression was validated using independent datasets and ROC analysis. Immune cell infiltration was analyzed using CIBERSORT, examining JUN\u2019s correlation with immune cells. Molecular docking explored JUN\u2019s interaction with two active deer antler compounds.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The study identified 62 bioactive compounds and 1051 potential targets. DEGs analysis revealed 282 genes associated with osteogenic differentiation. Cross-analysis identified 43 overlapping genes, enriched in \u201cresponse to mechanical stimulus\u201d and \u201crheumatoid arthritis\u201d pathways. Machine learning approaches highlighted 7 critical genes, with JUN emerging as the core gene. JUN levels were significantly decreased during osteogenic differentiation, showing high diagnostic accuracy (AUCs: 0.977-1.000). Immune cell analysis revealed JUN correlations with neutrophils, monocytes, eosinophils, M2 macrophages, and resting CD4+ T cells. Molecular docking confirmed strong binding affinities of JUN with Retinol (-8.1 kcal\/mol) and Progesterone (-6.0 kcal\/mol).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The study provides a comprehensive molecular framework demonstrating JUN as a key molecule in hMSC osteogenic differentiation. Deer antler\u2019s bioactive compounds, particularly Retinol and Progesterone, potentially exert therapeutic effects through targeted JUN modulation, offering novel insights into natural compound-mediated bone regenerative mechanisms.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1550249","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,29]],"date-time":"2025-05-29T00:13:13Z","timestamp":1748477593000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Molecular mechanisms of deer antler in promoting osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells via JUN 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