{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T20:31:12Z","timestamp":1792528272549,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":220,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,28]],"date-time":"2025-04-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745798400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>The advent of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) has revolutionized cancer treatment, offering life-saving benefits to tumor patients. However, the utilize of ICI agents is often accompanied by immune-related adverse events (irAEs), among which cardiovascular toxicities have attracted more and more attention. ICI induced cardiovascular toxicities predominantly present as acute myocarditis and chronic atherosclerosis, both of which are driven by excessive immune activation. Reprogramming of T cells and macrophages has been demonstrated as a pivotal factor in the pathogenesis of these complications. Therapeutic strategies targeting glycolysis, fatty acid oxidation, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and some other key signaling have shown promise in mitigating immune hyperactivation and inflammation. In this review, we explored the intricate mechanisms underlying ICI-induced cardiovascular toxicities and highlighted the protective potential of immune reprogramming. We emphasize the roles of T cell and macrophage reprogramming in the heart and vasculature, showcasing their contributions to both short-term and long-term regulation of cardiovascular health. Ultimately, a deeper understanding of these processes will not only enhance the safety of ICIs but also pave the way for innovative strategies to manage immune-related toxicities in cancers therapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1550400","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,28]],"date-time":"2025-04-28T01:34:21Z","timestamp":1745804061000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["ICI-induced cardiovascular toxicity: mechanisms and immune reprogramming therapeutic strategies"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Jixuan","family":"Zheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanyu","family":"Yi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tingchen","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shunming","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)01206-X","article-title":"Immune checkpoint inhibitors in melanoma","volume":"398","author":"Carlino","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Lond Engl"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-35431-x","article-title":"Neoadjuvant therapy with immune checkpoint blockade, antiangiogenesis, and chemotherapy for locally advanced gastric cancer","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.20892\/j.issn.2095-3941.2024.0055","article-title":"Immune checkpoint inhibitors: Breakthroughs in cancer treatment","volume":"21","author":"Kong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancer Biol Med"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1578","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2021.09.010","article-title":"Single-cell analyses reveal key immune cell subsets associated with response to PD-L1 blockade in triple-negative breast cancer","volume":"39","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbcan.2021.188638","article-title":"The progress of immune checkpoint therapy in primary liver cancer","volume":"1876","author":"Zheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)30533-6","article-title":"Increased reporting of fatal immune checkpoint inhibitor-associated myocarditis","volume":"391","author":"Moslehi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Lond Engl"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2017.77.6385","article-title":"Management of immune-related adverse events in patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy: American society of clinical oncology clinical practice guideline","volume":"36","author":"Brahmer","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol Off J Am Soc Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41571-019-0218-0","article-title":"Adverse effects of immune-checkpoint inhibitors: Epidemiology, management and surveillance","volume":"16","author":"Martins","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Rev Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2018.3923","article-title":"Fatal toxic effects associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"4","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-18-0367","article-title":"Fundamental mechanisms of immune checkpoint blockade therapy","volume":"8","author":"Wei","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Discovery"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e013757","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.119.013757","article-title":"Immune checkpoint inhibitor myocarditis: Pathophysiological characteristics, diagnosis, and treatment","volume":"9","author":"Palaskas","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.41604","article-title":"Inflammatory myositis in cancer patients receiving immune checkpoint inhibitors","volume":"73","author":"Aldrich","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol Hoboken NJ"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25052502","article-title":"Association between immune checkpoint inhibitors and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk: Another brick in the wall","volume":"25","author":"Piras","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00395-024-01077-7","article-title":"Immuno-related cardio-vascular adverse events associated with immuno-oncological treatments: An under-estimated threat for cancer patients","volume":"100","author":"Panuccio","year":"2024","journal-title":"Basic Res Cardiol"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2024.3065","article-title":"Immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced cardiotoxicity: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"Nielsen","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvz026","article-title":"Cardiovascular toxicities associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors","volume":"115","author":"Hu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1609214","article-title":"Fulminant myocarditis with combination immune checkpoint blockade","volume":"375","author":"Johnson","year":"2016","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.122.062551","article-title":"Expansion of pathogenic cardiac macrophages in immune checkpoint inhibitor myocarditis","volume":"149","author":"Ma","year":"2024","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehab618","article-title":"Cardiovascular immunotoxicities associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors: A safety meta-analysis","volume":"42","author":"Dolladille","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(18)30608-9","article-title":"Cardiovascular toxicities associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors: An observational, retrospective, pharmacovigilance study","volume":"19","author":"Salem","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.049981","article-title":"Association between immune checkpoint inhibitors with cardiovascular events and atherosclerotic plaque","volume":"142","author":"Drobni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.123.320612","article-title":"Macrophage-derived GSDMD plays an essential role in atherosclerosis and cross talk between macrophages via the mitochondria-STING-IRF3\/NF-\u03baB axis","volume":"44","author":"Fan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.20.1.10","article-title":"Oligoclonal T cell expansions in atherosclerotic lesions of apolipoprotein E\u2013deficient mice","volume":"20","author":"Paulsson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2021.11.048","article-title":"Immune checkpoint therapies and atherosclerosis: Mechanisms and clinical implications: JACC state-of-the-art review","volume":"79","author":"Vuong","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaccao.2022.11.011","article-title":"Atherosclerosis with immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy: Evidence, diagnosis, and management: JACC: CardioOncology state-of-the-art review","volume":"4","author":"Suero-Abreu","year":"2022","journal-title":"JACC CardioOncology"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehab430","article-title":"Targeting early stages of cardiotoxicity from anti-PD1 immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy","volume":"43","author":"Michel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-024-01072-4","article-title":"Lysosomes in the immunometabolic reprogramming of immune cells in atherosclerosis","volume":"22","author":"Bonacina","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cardiol"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2014.02.003","article-title":"Reprogramming anti-tumor immunity","volume":"35","author":"Crompton","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trends Immunol"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-021-01316-8","article-title":"The cancer metabolic reprogramming and immune response","volume":"20","author":"Xia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol Cancer"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2019.05.002","article-title":"Inflammation research sails through the sea of immunology to reach immunometabolism","volume":"73","author":"Kumar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1159\/000539278","article-title":"Pattern-recognition receptors and immunometabolic reprogramming: what we know and what to explore","volume":"16","author":"Kumar","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Innate Immun"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12844","article-title":"Metabolic adaptation orchestrates tissue context-dependent behavior in regulatory T cells","volume":"295","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2478","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.2478","article-title":"The knowns and unknowns of cardiac autoimmunity in viral myocarditis","volume":"33","author":"Mone","year":"2023","journal-title":"Rev Med Virol"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12247737","article-title":"Immune checkpoint inhibitors-associated myocarditis: diagnosis, treatment and current status on rechallenge","volume":"12","author":"Frascaro","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2018.02.037","article-title":"Myocarditis in patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors","volume":"71","author":"Mahmood","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaccao.2022.10.007","article-title":"Longitudinal strain and troponin I elevation in patients undergoing immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy","volume":"4","author":"Tamura","year":"2022","journal-title":"JACC CardioOncology"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.770631","article-title":"Case series of steroid-resistant immune checkpoint inhibitor associated myocarditis: A comparative analysis of corticosteroid and tofacitinib treatment","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2021.2241","article-title":"Clinical strategy for the diagnosis and treatment of immune checkpoint inhibitor-associated myocarditis: A narrative review","volume":"6","author":"Lehmann","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Cardiol"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e004699","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2022-004699","article-title":"Reversal of immune-checkpoint inhibitor fulminant myocarditis using personalized-dose-adjusted abatacept and ruxolitinib: Proof of concept","volume":"10","author":"Nguyen","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Immunother Cancer"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1007\/s12471-021-01655-7","article-title":"Immune checkpoint inhibitor-associated myocarditis Case reports and a review of the literature","volume":"30","author":"Osinga","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neth Heart J"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc1901677","article-title":"Abatacept for severe immune checkpoint inhibitor-associated myocarditis","volume":"380","author":"Salem","year":"2019","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb.15.5","article-title":"Coxsackievirus B3 replication and pathogenesis","volume":"10","author":"Garmaroudi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Future Microbiol"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.124.323816","article-title":"Autoimmune myocarditis, old dogs and new tricks","volume":"134","author":"Won","year":"2024","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.2131","article-title":"An overview of the immune mechanisms of viral myocarditis","volume":"30","author":"Lasrado","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev Med Virol"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41568-024-00715-5","article-title":"Immune-checkpoint inhibitor-mediated myocarditis: CTLA4, PD1 and LAG3 in the heart","volume":"24","author":"Munir","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cancer"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-18-4083","article-title":"Myocarditis in cynomolgus monkeys following treatment with immune checkpoint inhibitors","volume":"25","author":"Ji","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res Off J Am Assoc Cancer Res"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/dxq026","article-title":"PD-1 deficiency results in the development of fatal myocarditis in MRL mice","volume":"22","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int Immunol"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.13240","article-title":"Mediators and mechanisms of immune checkpoint inhibitor-associated myocarditis: Insights from mouse and human","volume":"318","author":"Gong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pharmtox-010919-023451","article-title":"Immune checkpoint inhibitor cardiotoxicity: Understanding basic mechanisms and clinical characteristics and finding a cure","volume":"61","author":"Waliany","year":"2021","journal-title":"Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14292","article-title":"Radiation and dual checkpoint blockade activate non-redundant immune mechanisms in cancer","volume":"520","author":"Twyman-Saint Victor","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-20-0856","article-title":"A genetic mouse model recapitulates immune checkpoint inhibitors-associated myocarditis and supports a mechanism-based therapeutic intervention","volume":"11","author":"Wei","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Discovery"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-020-02778-2","article-title":"Immune checkpoint inhibitor induces cardiac injury through polarizing macrophages via modulating microRNA-34a\/Kruppel-like factor 4 signaling","volume":"11","author":"Xia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2024.156620","article-title":"Baricitinib protects ICIs-related myocarditis by targeting JAK1\/STAT3 to regulate Macrophage polarization","volume":"179","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2011.04.005","article-title":"Macrophages in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis","volume":"145","author":"Moore","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2675","article-title":"Macrophage death and defective inflammation resolution in atherosclerosis","volume":"10","author":"Tabas","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03392-8","article-title":"The changing landscape of atherosclerosis","volume":"592","author":"Libby","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2019.11.035","article-title":"Acute coronary syndrome with immune checkpoint inhibitors: A proof-of-concept case and pharmacovigilance analysis of a life-threatening adverse event","volume":"36","author":"Cautela","year":"2020","journal-title":"Can J Cardiol"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjms.2018.11.017","article-title":"Hepatotoxicity and recurrent NSTEMI while on pembrolizumab for metastatic giant cell bone tumor","volume":"357","author":"Kwan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Med Sci"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e007307","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2023-007307","article-title":"Impact of immune checkpoint inhibitors on atherosclerosis progression in patients with lung cancer","volume":"11","author":"Drobni","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Immunother Cancer"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s44161-024-00563-4","article-title":"Immune checkpoint landscape of human atherosclerosis and influence of cardiometabolic factors","volume":"3","author":"Barcia Dur\u00e1n","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Cardiovasc Res"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e000300","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2019-000300","article-title":"Cancer patients receiving immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy are at an increased risk for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease","volume":"8","author":"Lutgens","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Immunother Cancer"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2019.06.021","article-title":"Acute vascular events as a possibly related adverse event of immunotherapy: A single-institute retrospective study","volume":"120","author":"Bar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.8879","article-title":"Macrophage polarization in inflammatory diseases","volume":"10","author":"Yc","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Biol Sci"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.112.300173","article-title":"Phenotypic polarization of macrophages in atherosclerosis","volume":"33","author":"Leitinger","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3520","article-title":"Macrophages in atherosclerosis: A dynamic balance","volume":"13","author":"Kj","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.119.312802","article-title":"Macrophages in atherosclerosis regression","volume":"40","author":"Barrett","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-020-0352-5","article-title":"T cell subsets and functions in atherosclerosis","volume":"17","author":"Saigusa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cardiol"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.0000245830.29764.84","article-title":"T cells in atherogenesis: For better or for worse","volume":"26","author":"Robertson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.92.9.3893","article-title":"T lymphocytes from human atherosclerotic plaques recognize oxidized low density lipoprotein","volume":"92","author":"Stemme","year":"1995","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-021-00584-1","article-title":"How the immune system shapes atherosclerosis: Roles of innate and adaptive immunity","volume":"22","author":"Roy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2018.12.083","article-title":"Targeting the immune system in atherosclerosis","volume":"73","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.07.061","article-title":"From focal lipid storage to systemic inflammation: JACC review topic of the week","volume":"74","author":"Libby","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2015.08.011","article-title":"Selective inactivation of NADPH oxidase 2 causes regression of vascularization and the size and stability of atherosclerotic plaques","volume":"242","author":"Quesada","year":"2015","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.121.053960","article-title":"Interferon-\u03b3 impairs human coronary artery endothelial glucose metabolism by tryptophan catabolism and activates fatty acid oxidation","volume":"144","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2017.09.007","article-title":"Metalloproteinases in atherosclerosis","volume":"816","author":"Johnson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2017.04.002","article-title":"Mechanisms and dynamics of T cell-mediated cytotoxicity","volume":"38","author":"Halle","year":"2017","journal-title":"In Vivo. Trends Immunol"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)31357-5","article-title":"Interpretation of the evidence for the efficacy and safety of statin therapy","volume":"388","author":"Collins","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Lond Engl"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1410489","article-title":"Ezetimibe added to statin therapy after acute coronary syndromes","volume":"372","author":"Cannon","year":"2015","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng1161","article-title":"Mutations in PCSK9 cause autosomal dominant hypercholesterolemia","volume":"34","author":"Abifadel","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.072","article-title":"Lipid-modifying agents, from statins to PCSK9 inhibitors: JACC focus seminar","volume":"75","author":"Preiss","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2622","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-16439-7","article-title":"Treatment of atherosclerosis by macrophage-biomimetic nanoparticles via targeted pharmacotherapy and sequestration of proinflammatory cytokines","volume":"11","author":"Gao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1707914","article-title":"Antiinflammatory therapy with canakinumab for atherosclerotic disease","volume":"377","author":"Ridker","year":"2017","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30315-9","article-title":"Monotherapy with a P2Y12 inhibitor or aspirin for secondary prevention in patients with established atherosclerosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"395","author":"Chiarito","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Lond Engl"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41571-022-00600-w","article-title":"Immune-checkpoint inhibitors: Long-term implications of toxicity","volume":"19","author":"Johnson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Rev Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-022-00698-6","article-title":"Cardio-onco-metabolism: Metabolic remodeling in cardiovascular disease and cancer","volume":"19","author":"Karlstaedt","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cardiol"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.121.056730","article-title":"Identification of pathogenic immune cell subsets associated with checkpoint inhibitor-induced myocarditis","volume":"146","author":"Zhu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2018.9713","article-title":"PI3K\/akt signaling transduction pathway, erythropoiesis and glycolysis in hypoxia (review)","volume":"19","author":"Xie","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol Med Rep"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2023.03.006","article-title":"The relationship between CD4+ T cell glycolysis and their functions","volume":"34","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol Metab TEM"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2021.03.033","article-title":"CD4+ T-cell differentiation and function: Unifying glycolysis, fatty acid oxidation, polyamines NAD mitochondria","volume":"148","author":"Almeida","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvad029","article-title":"Inhibition of phosphoglycerate kinase 1 attenuates autoimmune myocarditis by reprogramming CD4+ T cell metabolism","volume":"119","author":"Lu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2015.08.012","article-title":"Phosphoenolpyruvate is a metabolic checkpoint of anti-tumor T cell responses","volume":"162","author":"Ho","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2017.06.004","article-title":"Similarities and distinctions of cancer and immune metabolism in inflammation and tumors","volume":"26","author":"Andrejeva","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.180.7.4476","article-title":"Glucose uptake is limiting in T cell activation and requires CD28-mediated akt-dependent and independent pathways","volume":"1950","author":"Jacobs","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Immunol Baltim Md"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2013.05.016","article-title":"Posttranscriptional control of T cell effector function by aerobic glycolysis","volume":"153","author":"Chang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-05432-3","article-title":"T cells specific for \u03b1-myosin drive immunotherapy related myocarditis","volume":"611","author":"Axelrod","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.119.313692","article-title":"Martinet W. Partial inhibition of glycolysis reduces atherogenesis independent of intraplaque neovascularization in mice","volume":"40","author":"Perrotta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-024-01963-1","article-title":"Deficiency of metabolic regulator PKM2 activates the pentose phosphate pathway and generates TCF1+ progenitor CD8+ T cells to improve immunotherapy","volume":"25","author":"Markowitz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2020.581641","article-title":"Inhibition of PFKFB3 hampers the progression of atherosclerosis and promotes plaque stability","volume":"8","author":"Poels","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Cell Dev Biol"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22115602","article-title":"Inhibitory effect of a glutamine antagonist on proliferation and migration of VSMCs via simultaneous attenuation of glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation","volume":"22","author":"Park","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.15926","article-title":"Gene-dosage effect of Pfkfb3 on monocyte\/macrophage biology in atherosclerosis","volume":"179","author":"Guo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.121.320704","article-title":"Myeloid cell PKM2 deletion enhances efferocytosis and reduces atherosclerosis","volume":"130","author":"Doddapattar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2570","article-title":"Sterol regulatory element-binding proteins are essential for the metabolic programming of effector T cells and adaptive immunity","volume":"14","author":"Kidani","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2556","article-title":"Control of amino-acid transport by antigen receptors coordinates the metabolic reprogramming essential for T cell differentiation","volume":"14","author":"Sinclair","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2011.09.021","article-title":"The transcription factor myc controls metabolic reprogramming upon T lymphocyte activation","volume":"35","author":"R","year":"2011","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2011.07.033","article-title":"Control of T(H)17\/T(reg) balance by hypoxia-inducible factor 1","volume":"146","author":"Dang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20110278","article-title":"HIF1alpha-dependent glycolytic pathway orchestrates a metabolic checkpoint for the differentiation of TH17 and treg cells","volume":"208","author":"Shi","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI76012","article-title":"Metabolic programming and PDHK1 control CD4+ T cell subsets and inflammation","volume":"125","author":"Gerriets","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2023.112153","article-title":"Pyruvate dehydrogenase fuels a critical citrate pool that is essential for Th17 cell effector functions","volume":"42","author":"Soriano-Baguet","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2010.06.022","article-title":"Activation of a metabolic gene regulatory network downstream of mTOR complex 1","volume":"39","author":"K","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol Cell"},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20071477","article-title":"The AKT-mTOR axis regulates de novo differentiation of CD4+Foxp3+ cells","volume":"205","author":"Haxhinasto","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0903919106","article-title":"Infectious tolerance via the consumption of essential amino acids and mTOR signaling","volume":"106","author":"Cobbold","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2015.08.016","article-title":"Metabolic competition in the tumor microenvironment is a driver of cancer progression","volume":"162","author":"Chang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.95748","article-title":"CBX4 suppresses CD8+ T cell antitumor immunity by reprogramming glycolytic metabolism","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2017.06.016","article-title":"Metabolic regulation of T cell longevity and function in tumor immunotherapy","volume":"26","author":"Kishton","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0177-0","article-title":"Hippo\/mst signaling couples metabolic state and immune function of CD8\u03b1+ dendritic cells","volume":"558","author":"Du","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1007\/s00262-023-03590-5","article-title":"Protective effect of low-intensity pulsed ultrasound on immune checkpoint inhibitor-related myocarditis via fine-tuning CD4+ T-cell differentiation","volume":"73","author":"Fu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol Immunother CII"},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3748","article-title":"The transcriptional coactivator TAZ regulates reciprocal differentiation of TH17 cells and treg cells","volume":"18","author":"Geng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2747","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.1602907","article-title":"Inactivation of YAP oncoprotein by the hippo pathway is involved in cell contact inhibition and tissue growth control","volume":"21","author":"Zhao","year":"2007","journal-title":"Genes Dev"},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1301060","article-title":"Mst1\/Mst2 regulate development and function of regulatory T cells through modulation of Foxo1\/Foxo3 stability in autoimmune disease","volume":"192","author":"Du","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Immunol Baltim Md 1950"},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M900843200","article-title":"TEAD transcription factors mediate the function of TAZ in cell growth and epithelial-mesenchymal transition","volume":"284","author":"Zhang","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00234528","article-title":"Human macrophages contain a stretch-sensitive potassium channel that is activated by adherence and cytokines","volume":"147","author":"Martin","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Membr Biol"},{"key":"B122","first-page":"147","article-title":"Repetitive mechanical strain suppresses macrophage uptake of immunoglobulin G complexes and enhances cyclic adenosine monophosphate synthesis","volume":"147","author":"J","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1631\/jzus.B2100130","article-title":"Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound ameliorates angiotensin II-induced cardiac fibrosis by alleviating inflammation via a caveolin-1-dependent pathway","volume":"22","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Zhejiang Univ Sci B"},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-023-02773-2","article-title":"Noninvasive ultrasound stimulation to treat myocarditis through splenic neuro-immune regulation","volume":"20","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Neuroinflamm"},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-020-00486-7","article-title":"Bystander CD4+ T cells: crossroads between innate and adaptive immunity","volume":"52","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp Mol Med"},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-08482-w","article-title":"Pathogenic function of bystander-activated memory-like CD4+ T cells in autoimmune encephalomyelitis","volume":"10","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1038\/s41568-024-00759-7","article-title":"Immunoproteasome as a biomarker for immunotherapy","volume":"25","author":"Sabarinathan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cancer"},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2022.11.005","article-title":"The dichotomous role of immunoproteasome in cancer: Friend or foe","volume":"13","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Pharm Sin B"},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2024.107215","article-title":"The role of the immunoproteasome in cardiovascular disease","volume":"204","author":"Nie","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res"},{"key":"B130","article-title":"The immunoproteasome: a novel drug target for autoimmune diseases","volume":"33","author":"Basler","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.119.043171","article-title":"Heart-specific immune responses in an animal model of autoimmune-related myocarditis mitigated by an immunoproteasome inhibitor and genetic ablation","volume":"141","author":"Bockstahler","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e85851","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.85851","article-title":"Cardiac myosin-Th17 responses promote heart failure in human myocarditis","volume":"1","author":"Myers","year":"2016","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1201183","article-title":"Immunoproteasome subunit LMP7 deficiency and inhibition suppresses Th1 and Th17 but enhances regulatory T cell differentiation","volume":"1950","author":"Kw K","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Immunol Baltim Md"},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0800861","article-title":"Cutting edge: Cardiac myosin activates innate immune responses through TLRs","volume":"1950","author":"Zhang","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Immunol Baltim Md"},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0903182","article-title":"Prevention of experimental colitis by a selective inhibitor of the immunoproteasome","volume":"1950","author":"Basler","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Immunol Baltim Md"},{"key":"B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104736","article-title":"Acute lung injury: The therapeutic role of Rho kinase inhibitors","volume":"155","author":"Abedi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res"},{"key":"B137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222312916","article-title":"Rho-kinase as a target for cancer therapy and its immunotherapeutic potential","volume":"22","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells8101262","article-title":"Inhibition of rho-kinase downregulates th17 cells and ameliorates hepatic fibrosis by schistosoma japonicum infection","volume":"8","author":"Zhou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2020.00669","article-title":"Notch3 modulates cardiac fibroblast proliferation, apoptosis, and fibroblast to myofibroblast transition via negative regulation of the RhoA\/ROCK\/Hif1\u03b1 axis","volume":"11","author":"Shi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"B140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00246-008-9368-z","article-title":"Notch signaling in cardiac development and disease","volume":"30","author":"de la Pompa","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pediatr Cardiol"},{"key":"B141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2011.11.006","article-title":"Notch signaling as an important mediator of cardiac repair and regeneration after myocardial infarction","volume":"20","author":"Li","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trends Cardiovasc Med"},{"key":"B142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.115.305350","article-title":"Endocardial notch signaling in cardiac development and disease","volume":"118","author":"Lux\u00e1n","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"B143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.107.164749","article-title":"Activation of notch-mediated protective signaling in the myocardium","volume":"102","author":"Gude","year":"2008","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"B144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/ijmm.2012.1200","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cells modified with miR-126 release angiogenic factors and activate notch ligand delta-like-4, enhancing ischemic angiogenesis and cell survival","volume":"31","author":"Huang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Mol Med"},{"key":"B145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1159\/000503950","article-title":"MicroRNA-384-5p promotes endothelial progenitor cell proliferation and angiogenesis in cerebral ischemic stroke through the delta-likeligand 4-mediated notch signaling pathway","volume":"49","author":"Fan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cerebrovasc Dis Basel Switz"},{"key":"B146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3447","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2017.4932","article-title":"Cardioprotective effect of notch signaling on the development of myocardial infarction complicated by diabetes mellitus","volume":"14","author":"Wu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp Ther Med"},{"key":"B147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9763","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-60239-8","article-title":"Rho kinase inhibitor Y-27632 downregulates IL-1\u03b2 expression in mice with experimental autoimmune myocarditis","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19082155","article-title":"Interleukin-1 beta-A friend or foe in Malignancies","volume":"19","author":"Bent","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-023-01439-z","article-title":"The notch signaling pathway: A potential target for cancer immunotherapy","volume":"16","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Hematol OncolJ Hematol Oncol"},{"key":"B150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvy207","article-title":"Y-27632 preconditioning enhances transplantation of human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes in myocardial infarction mice","volume":"115","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"key":"B151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e20118","article-title":"Fasudil and SR1001 synergistically protect against sepsis-associated pancreatic injury by inhibiting RhoA\/ROCK pathway and Th17\/IL-17 response","volume":"9","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"B152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12477","DOI":"10.1111\/1755-5922.12477","article-title":"Fasudil exerts a cardio-protective effect on mice with coxsackievirus B3-induced acute viral myocarditis","volume":"36","author":"Dai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Ther"},{"key":"B153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.34211","article-title":"Caffeine inhibits NLRP3 inflammasome activation by suppressing MAPK\/NF-\u03baB and A2aR signaling in LPS-induced THP-1 macrophages","volume":"15","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Biol Sci"},{"key":"B154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2065","article-title":"Crosstalk in NF-\u03baB signaling pathways","volume":"12","author":"Oeckinghaus","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"B155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd2781","article-title":"Is NF-kappaB a good target for cancer therapy? Hopes and pitfalls","volume":"8","author":"Baud","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat Rev Drug Discovery"},{"key":"B156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-023-05338-4","article-title":"ANGPTL2 promotes immune checkpoint inhibitor-related murine autoimmune myocarditis","volume":"6","author":"Horiguchi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Commun Biol"},{"key":"B157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/JIR.S348464","article-title":"Protective effect of crocin on immune checkpoint inhibitors-related myocarditis through inhibiting NLRP3 mediated pyroptosis in cardiomyocytes via NF-\u03baB pathway","volume":"15","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Inflammation Res"},{"key":"B158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2020.05.005","article-title":"Tocilizumab for refractory severe immune checkpoint inhibitor-associated myocarditis","volume":"31","author":"Doms","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Oncol"},{"key":"B159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2014.10.039","article-title":"Molecular mechanism of PPAR\u03b1 action and its impact on lipid metabolism, inflammation and fibrosis in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"62","author":"Pawlak","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"B160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19030730","article-title":"The balance of th17 versus treg cells in autoimmunity","volume":"19","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20082771","article-title":"The nuclear receptor PPAR\u03b3 selectively inhibits Th17 differentiation in a T cell\u2013intrinsic fashion and suppresses CNS autoimmunity","volume":"206","author":"Klotz","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20061839","article-title":"Peroxisome proliferator\u2013activated receptor (PPAR)\u03b1 expression in T cells mediates gender differences in development of T cell\u2013mediated autoimmunity","volume":"204","author":"Dunn","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvr148","article-title":"IL-6-mediated Th17 differentiation through ROR\u03b3t is essential for the initiation of experimental autoimmune myocarditis","volume":"91","author":"Yamashita","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"key":"B164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexcr.2018.12.005","article-title":"PPAR\u03b1 suppresses Th17 cell differentiation through IL-6\/STAT3\/ROR\u03b3t pathway in experimental autoimmune myocarditis","volume":"375","author":"Chang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exp Cell Res"},{"key":"B165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.63.6.12","article-title":"PPAR-\u03b1 Agonist fenofibrate ameliorates sj\u00f6gren syndrome-like dacryoadenitis by modulating th1\/th17 and treg cell responses in NOD mice","volume":"63","author":"Guo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"B166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.3109\/08830185.2014.969421","article-title":"Cellular metabolism and macrophage functional polarization","volume":"34","author":"Zhu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.119.312321","article-title":"Obesity, hypertension, and cardiac dysfunction: novel roles of immunometabolism in macrophage activation and inflammation","volume":"126","author":"Mouton","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"B168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2005.10.001","article-title":"Macrophage polarization comes of age","volume":"23","author":"Mantovani","year":"2005","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2023.04.022","article-title":"The regulatory landscape of macrophage interferon signaling in inflammation","volume":"152","author":"Siebeler","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.119.316206","article-title":"Atherogenic lipoprotein(a) increases vascular glycolysis, thereby facilitating inflammation and leukocyte extravasation","volume":"126","author":"Jg","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"B171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.15925","article-title":"Suppression of myeloid PFKFB3-driven glycolysis protects mice from choroidal neovascularization","volume":"179","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"B172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1038\/s41418-018-0212-6","article-title":"Pyroptosis versus necroptosis: Similarities, differences, and crosstalk","volume":"26","author":"Frank","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ"},{"key":"B173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41556-024-01474-z","article-title":"Gasdermins as evolutionarily conserved executors of inflammation and cell death","volume":"26","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Cell Biol"},{"key":"B174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-36614-w","article-title":"GSDME-mediated pyroptosis promotes the progression and associated inflammation of atherosclerosis","volume":"14","author":"Wei","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.120.318629","article-title":"GSDMD-mediated cardiomyocyte pyroptosis promotes myocardial I\/R injury","volume":"129","author":"Shi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"B176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-023-06382-y","article-title":"The multifaceted roles of GSDME-mediated pyroptosis in cancer: Therapeutic strategies and persisting obstacles","volume":"14","author":"Hu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis"},{"key":"B177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1621501","DOI":"10.1080\/23723556.2019.1621501","article-title":"Gasdermins: novel mitochondrial pore-forming proteins","volume":"6","author":"Rogers","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol Cell Oncol"},{"key":"B178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1689","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-09397-2","article-title":"Gasdermin pores permeabilize mitochondria to augment caspase-3 activation during apoptosis and inflammasome activation","volume":"10","author":"Rogers","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1038\/s41420-020-00349-0","article-title":"The caspase-3\/GSDME signal pathway as a switch between apoptosis and pyroptosis in cancer","volume":"6","author":"Jiang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Death Discovery"},{"key":"B180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.41963","article-title":"Attenuation of rheumatoid arthritis through the inhibition of tumor necrosis factor\u2013induced caspase 3\/gasdermin E\u2013mediated pyroptosis","volume":"74","author":"Zhai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol Hoboken Nj"},{"key":"B181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.35528","article-title":"Targeted inhibition of STAT3 as a potential treatment strategy for atherosclerosis","volume":"9","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"B182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2023.124832","article-title":"The pyroptotic role of caspase-3\/GSDME signaling pathway among various cancer: A review","volume":"242","author":"Bhat","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Biol Macromol"},{"key":"B183","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10753-024-02056-9","article-title":"PD-1 inhibitor aggravate irradiation-induced myocardial fibrosis by regulating TGF-\u03b21\/smads signaling pathway via GSDMD-mediated pyroptosis","volume":"48","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Inflammation"},{"key":"B184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.803037","article-title":"Macrophage polarization and its role in liver disease","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellsig.2013.11.004","article-title":"Macrophage polarization and function with emphasis on the evolving roles of coordinated regulation of cellular signaling pathways","volume":"26","author":"Zhou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Signal"},{"key":"B186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2018.02.009","article-title":"Interferon gamma induces reversible metabolic reprogramming of M1 macrophages to sustain cell viability and pro-inflammatory activity","volume":"30","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"B187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1201168","article-title":"SOCS3 deficiency promotes M1 macrophage polarization and inflammation","volume":"189","author":"Qin","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Immunol Baltim Md 1950"},{"key":"B188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01448","article-title":"Fine-tuning of type I interferon response by STAT3","volume":"10","author":"Tsai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jmcb\/mjw042","article-title":"SENP1 regulates IFN-\u03b3-STAT1 signaling through STAT3-SOCS3 negative feedback loop","volume":"9","author":"Yu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Mol Cell Biol"},{"key":"B190","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2024.155558","article-title":"Baicalein alleviates cardiomyocyte death in EAM mice by inhibiting the JAK-STAT1\/4 signaling pathway","volume":"128","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Phytomedicine Int J Phytother Phytopharm"},{"key":"B191","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.14228","article-title":"Fulminant myocarditis with COVID-19 infection having normal C-reactive protein and serial magnetic resonance follow-up","volume":"10","author":"Usui","year":"2023","journal-title":"ESC Heart Fail"},{"key":"B192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1097\/MOL.0000000000000778","article-title":"Metabolic regulation of macrophage proliferation and function in atherosclerosis","volume":"32","author":"Patterson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr Opin Lipidol"},{"key":"B193","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2019.05.054","article-title":"Lipid-associated macrophages control metabolic homeostasis in a trem2-dependent manner","volume":"178","author":"Jaitin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B194","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e135197","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI135197","article-title":"TREM2 sustains macrophage-hepatocyte metabolic coordination in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and sepsis","volume":"131","author":"Hou","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B195","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41418-023-01252-8","article-title":"TREM2 macrophage promotes cardiac repair in myocardial infarction by reprogramming metabolism via SLC25A53","volume":"31","author":"Gong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ"},{"key":"B196","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"994","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.117.310320","article-title":"Inhibition of local macrophage growth ameliorates focal inflammation and suppresses atherosclerosis","volume":"38","author":"Yamada","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"B197","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3258","article-title":"Local proliferation dominates lesional macrophage accumulation in atherosclerosis","volume":"19","author":"Robbins","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B198","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.111.234492","article-title":"Cdkn2a is an atherosclerosis modifier locus that regulates monocyte\/macrophage proliferation","volume":"31","author":"Kuo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"B199","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.00103-18","article-title":"Neutrophil and macrophage cell surface colony-stimulating factor 1 shed by ADAM17 drives mouse macrophage proliferation in acute and chronic inflammation","volume":"38","author":"Tang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol Cell Biol"},{"key":"B200","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.120.315255","article-title":"(Macrophage colony-stimulating factor) expression regulates macrophage proliferation and apoptosis in atherosclerosis","volume":"41","author":"Sinha","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"B201","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.62797","article-title":"IRGM\/Irgm1 facilitates macrophage apoptosis through ROS generation and MAPK signal transduction: Irgm1+\/- mice display increases atherosclerotic plaque stability","volume":"11","author":"Fang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"B202","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.703972","article-title":"Targeting mitochondrial-derived reactive oxygen species in T cell-mediated autoimmune diseases","volume":"12","author":"Ch\u00e1vez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0105-2896.2010.00898.x","article-title":"The role of mTOR in memory CD8 T-cell differentiation","volume":"235","author":"Araki","year":"2010","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"key":"B204","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm.2017.95","article-title":"AMPK: guardian of metabolism and mitochondrial homeostasis","volume":"19","author":"Herzig","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol"},{"key":"B205","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1221740110","article-title":"CD8 memory T cells have a bioenergetic advantage that underlies their rapid recall ability","volume":"110","author":"van der Windt","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U.S.A"},{"key":"B206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2006-07-035972","article-title":"Inhibitory effect of tumor cell-derived lactic acid on human T cells","volume":"109","author":"Fischer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B207","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2018.06.092","article-title":"Lactic acid induces lactate transport and glycolysis\/OXPHOS interconversion in glioblastoma","volume":"503","author":"Duan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"B208","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.01605","article-title":"Diverse roles of mitochondria in immune responses: novel insights into immuno-metabolism","volume":"9","author":"Angajala","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B209","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2017.06.009","article-title":"Glutathione primes T cell metabolism for inflammation","volume":"46","author":"Mak","year":"2017","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B210","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2022.115197","article-title":"mTOR participates in the formation, maintenance, and function of memory CD8+T cells regulated by glycometabolism","volume":"204","author":"Cai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biochem Pharmacol"},{"key":"B211","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41556-017-0002-2","article-title":"A Pck1-directed glycogen metabolic program regulates formation and maintenance of memory CD8+ T cells","volume":"20","author":"Ma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Cell Biol"},{"key":"B212","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2023.110962","article-title":"PCSK9 inhibition ameliorates experimental autoimmune myocarditis by reducing Th17 cell differentiation through LDLR\/STAT-3\/ROR-\u03b3t pathway","volume":"124","author":"Yu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"B213","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2009.02.003","article-title":"Attenuation of experimental autoimmune myocarditis by blocking T cell activation through 4-1BB pathway","volume":"46","author":"Haga","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Mol Cell Cardiol"},{"key":"B214","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/372931","article-title":"Glycyrrhizic acid promotes M1 macrophage polarization in murine bone marrow-derived macrophages associated with the activation of JNK and NF-\u03baB","volume":"2015","author":"Mao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mediators Inflammation"},{"key":"B215","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2020.09.132","article-title":"Suppression of PAPP-a mitigates atherosclerosis by mediating macrophage polarization via STAT3 signaling","volume":"543","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"B216","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-020-00567-7","article-title":"USP19 suppresses inflammation and promotes M2-like macrophage polarization by manipulating NLRP3 function via autophagy","volume":"18","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Mol Immunol"},{"key":"B217","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-021-00670-3","article-title":"An update on the regulatory mechanisms of NLRP3 inflammasome activation","volume":"18","author":"Paik","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Mol Immunol"},{"key":"B218","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.123.323223","article-title":"CD147 sparks atherosclerosis by driving M1 phenotype and impairing efferocytosis","volume":"134","author":"Lv","year":"2024","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"B219","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e001293","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2020-001293","article-title":"PD-1 inhibitor inducing exosomal miR-34a-5p expression mediates the cross talk between cardiomyocyte and macrophage in immune checkpoint inhibitor-related cardiac dysfunction","volume":"8","author":"Xia","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Immunother Cancer"},{"key":"B220","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1007\/s00395-022-00948-1","article-title":"Mitochondrial calpain-1 activates NLRP3 inflammasome by cleaving ATP5A1 and inducing mitochondrial ROS in CVB3-induced myocarditis","volume":"117","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Basic Res Cardiol"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1550400\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,28]],"date-time":"2025-04-28T01:34:22Z","timestamp":1745804062000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1550400\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,28]]},"references-count":220,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1550400"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1550400","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,28]]},"article-number":"1550400"}}