{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T15:01:00Z","timestamp":1787151660335,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,22]],"date-time":"2025-04-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745280000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004359","name":"Vetenskapsr\u00e5det","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020-02924"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020-02924"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004359","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002794","name":"Cancerfonden","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22 2406 Pj"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22 2406 Pj"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002794","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007232","name":"Radiumhemmets Forskningsfonder","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["231312"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["231312"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007232","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100018713","name":"Center for Innovative Medicine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100018713","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009782","name":"Ruth och Richard Julins Stiftelse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009782","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Tumor-residing microbiota poses a new challenge in cancer progression and therapy; however, the functional behavior of patient tumor-derived microbes remains poorly understood. We previously reported the presence of tumor microbiota in intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMNs), which are precursors of pancreatic cancer.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We examined the metabolic and pathogenic potential of clinical microbiota strains obtained from IPMN tumors using various pancreatic cell lines and 3D spheroid models.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our findings revealed that several strains from IPMNs with invasive cancer or high-grade dysplasia, such as <jats:italic>E. cloacae, E. faecalis<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>K. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>, induced a cancer metabolite signature in human pancreatic cells when infected <jats:italic>ex vivo<\/jats:italic>. Bacterial invasiveness was significantly correlated with DNA damage in spheroids derived from normal and tumor-derived pancreatic cells, particularly in strains derived from advanced neoplasia IPMN and under hypoxic conditions. Additionally, microbial metabolites activate human mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells and restrict the infection, both extra- and intracellularly, in hypoxic tumor conditions and in synergy with antibiotics.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Immune sensing of tumor microbiota metabolites may have clinical implications in cancer management.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1553034","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,22]],"date-time":"2025-04-22T05:27:44Z","timestamp":1745299664000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Patient-derived pancreatic tumor bacteria exhibit oncogenic properties and are recognized by MAIT cells in tumor 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