{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T23:07:39Z","timestamp":1787785659475,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,5]],"date-time":"2025-02-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738713600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>The role of bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT) in the regulation of immune responses to transplanted lungs remains an area of interest and controversy. Early studies in a rat pulmonary transplant model suggested BALT may accelerate rejection of grafts by inducing a local and systemic inflammatory response. Such observations were corroborated in intrapulmonary tracheal transplant models in the rat. While some human studies have described the presence of BALT in grafts that have been chronically rejected, others did not observe an association between induction of BALT and adverse outcomes. More recent investigations have found that BALT, enriched in immunoregulatory cell populations, is induced in tolerant mouse lung allografts, suggesting that such structures may be protective against rejection. Thus, the role of BALT in lung transplantation biology is complex. Insights gained from studies that focus on the role of BALT in lung transplantation may be harnessed to develop new therapies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1553533","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,5]],"date-time":"2025-02-05T07:36:02Z","timestamp":1738740962000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue in lung transplantation: a facilitator of rejection or regulator of tolerance?"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Alexander N.","family":"Wein","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles R.","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Kreisel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21037\/jtd.2017.07.85","article-title":"Outcomes after lung transplantation","volume":"9","author":"Thabut","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Thorac Dis"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0b013e31822bf790","article-title":"Survival determinants in lung transplant patients with chronic allograft dysfunction","volume":"92","author":"Verleden","year":"2011","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healun.2012.09.026","article-title":"Progression pattern of restrictive allograft syndrome after lung transplantation","volume":"32","author":"Sato","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Heart Lung Transplant"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healun.2011.01.712","article-title":"Restrictive allograft syndrome (RAS): a novel form of chronic lung allograft dysfunction","volume":"30","author":"Sato","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Heart Lung Transplant"},{"key":"B5","article-title":"Bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome: incidence, natural history, prognosis, and risk factors","volume":"17","author":"Heng","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Heart Lung Transplant"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-381300-8.00007-1","article-title":"Bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT) structure and function","volume":"107","author":"Randall","year":"2010","journal-title":"Adv Immunol"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-5699(92)90106-H","article-title":"Is BALT a major component of the human lung immune system","volume":"13","author":"Pabst","year":"1992","journal-title":"Immunol Today"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa032158","article-title":"The nature of small-airway obstruction in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"350","author":"Hogg","year":"2004","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.154.6.8970384","article-title":"Cellular distribution of bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue in rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"154","author":"Sato","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI28756","article-title":"Inducible bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (iBALT) in patients with pulmonary complications of rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"116","author":"Rangel-Moreno","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1159\/000028109","article-title":"Bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT) is not present in the normal adult lung but in different diseases","volume":"68","author":"Tschernig","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pathobiology"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-8709-2_7","article-title":"Defining high endothelial venules and tertiary lymphoid structures in cancer","volume":"1845","author":"Jones","year":"2018","journal-title":"Methods Mol Biol"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1097\/00007890-198507000-00006","article-title":"Lung allograft rejection in the rat. 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